The color match of dental ceramics depends on both material properties and illumination conditions. Assessing whether this match is maintained under different light sources requires an approach that combines spectral information with colorimetric calculations. This thesis aimed to develop and apply a computational method to characterize the spectrocolorimetric behavior of dental zirconia, distinguishing individual specimen color shifts from metamerism between specimen pairs. This preclinical in vitro study included 120 zirconia specimens of nominal shade A2, divided into conventional and microwave sintering groups. Spectral reflectance was measured in the cervical, middle, and incisal regions against a black background, using d/8 geometry with the specular component included, over the 400–700 nm range at 10 nm intervals. A MATLAB program was developed to organize the measurements and calculate XYZ tristimulus values, CIELAB coordinates, and CIEDE2000 color differences under eleven illuminants, with D65 as the reference. Calculations used the CIE 1931 2° standard observer and parametric factors of 2:1:1. A complementary analysis of six pairs, selected for color similarity under D65 between the two sintering protocols, distinguished the original color differences from the metamerism index calculated after correction for the initial mismatch. Numerical verification and pair analysis were performed in Python. A total of 1,079 spectral readings yielded 359 complete averaged spectra; following quality control and verification of regional assignment, 314 specimen–region combinations were included in the summary analyses. Despite sharing the same nominal shade, the materials exhibited different responses to changes in illuminant. The incisal region generally showed a smaller mean color shift than the cervical region, while descriptive comparisons showed greater mean shifts in the microwave-sintered groups than in the conventionally sintered groups. Among the six selected pairs, the initial ΔE₀₀ ranged from 0.459 to 1.724; after correction for the mismatch under D65, the maximum MI₀₀ was 0.488. The proposed method enables repeatable and traceable spectral data processing and supports the joint assessment of initial color matching and its maintenance under different illuminants. The findings indicate that a smaller individual color shift does not necessarily imply a better match to a reference. The spectral database and computational tools provide a basis for future comparisons with natural teeth, to be complemented by perceptual and clinical validation.
La corrispondenza cromatica delle ceramiche dentali dipende dalle proprietà del materiale e dalle condizioni di illuminazione. Il mantenimento di tale corrispondenza sotto sorgenti differenti richiede una valutazione che integri l’informazione spettrale con il calcolo colorimetrico. Scopo della presente tesi è stato sviluppare e applicare un metodo computazionale per caratterizzare il comportamento spettrocolorimetrico di zirconie dentali, distinguendo la variazione del singolo campione dal metamerismo tra coppie di campioni. Lo studio sperimentale preclinico in vitro ha interessato 120 provini di zirconia di colore nominale A2, suddivisi in gruppi sottoposti a sinterizzazione convenzionale e a microonde. Le misure di riflettanza sono state effettuate nelle regioni cervicale, intermedia e incisale, su fondo nero, in geometria d/8 con componente speculare inclusa, nell’intervallo 400–700 nm con passo di 10 nm. È stato sviluppato un programma in MATLAB per organizzare le acquisizioni e calcolare coordinate XYZ, CIELAB e differenze CIEDE2000 sotto undici illuminanti, utilizzando D65 come riferimento. I calcoli hanno impiegato l’osservatore CIE 1931 a 2° e fattori parametrici 2:1:1. L’analisi complementare di sei coppie, selezionate per somiglianza cromatica sotto D65 tra i due protocolli, ha distinto le differenze originali dall’indice di metamerismo ottenuto dopo correzione del disaccordo iniziale. Le verifiche numeriche e l’elaborazione delle coppie sono state eseguite in Python. Sono state acquisite 1.079 letture spettrali, dalle quali sono stati ricavati 359 spettri medi completi; dopo i controlli di qualità e di attribuzione regionale, 314 combinazioni provino–regione sono state incluse nelle sintesi. A parità di colore nominale, i materiali hanno mostrato risposte differenti al cambiamento di illuminante. La regione incisale presentava generalmente una variazione media inferiore rispetto alla cervicale, mentre nei gruppi sinterizzati a microonde tale variazione risultava descrittivamente maggiore rispetto ai gruppi convenzionali. Nelle sei coppie selezionate, la differenza iniziale ΔE₀₀ era compresa tra 0,459 e 1,724; dopo correzione del disaccordo sotto D65, il massimo indice MI₀₀ era pari a 0,488. Il metodo sviluppato consente un’elaborazione ripetibile e tracciabile degli spettri e permette di valutare congiuntamente la corrispondenza cromatica iniziale e il suo mantenimento sotto illuminanti differenti. I risultati evidenziano che una minore variazione individuale non identifica necessariamente una migliore corrispondenza con un riferimento. L’archivio spettrale e gli strumenti computazionali costituiscono una base per futuri confronti con il dente naturale, da integrare con verifiche percettive e cliniche.
Metamerismo e comportamento colorimetrico delle ceramiche dentali: sviluppo e applicazione di un metodo computazionale
LEBASI, MOHAMMADALI
2025/2026
Abstract
The color match of dental ceramics depends on both material properties and illumination conditions. Assessing whether this match is maintained under different light sources requires an approach that combines spectral information with colorimetric calculations. This thesis aimed to develop and apply a computational method to characterize the spectrocolorimetric behavior of dental zirconia, distinguishing individual specimen color shifts from metamerism between specimen pairs. This preclinical in vitro study included 120 zirconia specimens of nominal shade A2, divided into conventional and microwave sintering groups. Spectral reflectance was measured in the cervical, middle, and incisal regions against a black background, using d/8 geometry with the specular component included, over the 400–700 nm range at 10 nm intervals. A MATLAB program was developed to organize the measurements and calculate XYZ tristimulus values, CIELAB coordinates, and CIEDE2000 color differences under eleven illuminants, with D65 as the reference. Calculations used the CIE 1931 2° standard observer and parametric factors of 2:1:1. A complementary analysis of six pairs, selected for color similarity under D65 between the two sintering protocols, distinguished the original color differences from the metamerism index calculated after correction for the initial mismatch. Numerical verification and pair analysis were performed in Python. A total of 1,079 spectral readings yielded 359 complete averaged spectra; following quality control and verification of regional assignment, 314 specimen–region combinations were included in the summary analyses. Despite sharing the same nominal shade, the materials exhibited different responses to changes in illuminant. The incisal region generally showed a smaller mean color shift than the cervical region, while descriptive comparisons showed greater mean shifts in the microwave-sintered groups than in the conventionally sintered groups. Among the six selected pairs, the initial ΔE₀₀ ranged from 0.459 to 1.724; after correction for the mismatch under D65, the maximum MI₀₀ was 0.488. The proposed method enables repeatable and traceable spectral data processing and supports the joint assessment of initial color matching and its maintenance under different illuminants. The findings indicate that a smaller individual color shift does not necessarily imply a better match to a reference. The spectral database and computational tools provide a basis for future comparisons with natural teeth, to be complemented by perceptual and clinical validation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/10222