The following essay aims to present the main critical arguments illustrated by the German philosopher Günther Anders and other thinkers regarding contemporary technology and its effects on humankind. Initially, the text will outline the historical context in which the philosopher from Breslau was able to develop his thinking and his theses, before going on to explain the reasons that led him to adopt certain moralistic stances towards the development of technology. Throughout his life, Anders focused his analyses on human existence in an age dominated by technology. In this new era, human beings, having to work in close contact with machines, have begun to perceive their innate superiority and, consequently, feel ashamed of having been born and of not having been created exactly like them. This shame, which Anders describes as ‘Promethean’, drives human beings to feel ashamed of being themselves; and, in an attempt to compensate for their flawed nature, they try in every way to adapt to machines by imitating them. Soon, however, human beings realise that there is nothing to be done; because, despite their best efforts to compensate for their human nature, a human being will always remain just that. They will always carry with them their imperfect nature, that is, their ontic endowment. Anders’s criticism then focuses on the new mass media and how they negatively influence people’s lives. Radio and television, as media, transform real experiences into representations of reality. The author describes them as ‘ghosts’, because they have become indistinguishable from real events. The images and sounds transmitted by these devices have taken on an air of authenticity, but in reality they are merely pre-packaged representations of the world, which distort reality and construct an altered perception of it in the minds of viewers. The same thing happens today with the most modern telecommunications tools, which continue to provide a representation of reality rather than the real experience of it. Furthermore, new technological systems have transformed the role of humankind in society, turning individuals from active beings into passive, neutral and massified persons who cooperate without questioning the purpose of their actions. Not only has all of this contributed to the creation of the economic and corporate model of production, but has also led to its transfer into the military sphere, enabling the creation of the first atomic bomb. This weapon was developed by many contributors, who never realised the consequences of their actions, because they never had the opportunity to witness the processes of development and deployment of the nuclear device in their entirety. This widespread lack of moral imagination has led humankind to produce more than it can conceive and this has inevitably led it to create the means for its own destruction by reyifing the vision of radical nihilism within the atomic weapon. To address this threat, the conclusion of this paper will outline the critical arguments, illustraed by Anders and other thinkers, aimed at guiding humanity towards a more morally active future, one that is, if possible, free from the threat of human extinction.
Il seguente saggio si pone l’obiettivo di esporre le principali argomentazioni critiche, rivolte dal filosofo tedesco Günther Anders ed altri pensatori, verso la tecnica contemporanea e i suoi effetti sul genere umano. Inizialmente, il testo illustrerà il contesto storico in cui il filosofo di Breslavia ha potuto maturare il suo pensiero e le sue tesi, per poi passare, successivamente, all’esposizione dei motivi che lo hanno portato ad assumere determinati atteggiamenti moralisti nei confronti dello sviluppo della tecnologia. Durante la sua vita, Anders ha concentrato le proprie analisi sull’esistenza umana in un’epoca dominata dalla presenza della tecnica. In questa nuova era, l’essere umano, dovendo lavorare a stretto contatto con le macchine, ha iniziato a percepire la loro innata superiorità e, di conseguenza, prova vergogna di essere nato e di non essere stato realizzato esattamente come le loro. Questa vergogna, che Anders definisce come prometeica, spinge l’essere umano a vergognarsi di essere se stesso; e, nel tentativo di sopperire alla sua natura manchevole, egli cerca in tutti i modi di adeguarsi alle macchine provando ad imitarle. Ben presto, però, l’essere umano si accorge che non c’è nulla da fare; perché, nonostante egli si impegni molto per sopperire alla sua natura umana, un uomo rimarrà sempre tale. Egli avrà sempre con sé la sua natura imperfetta, ovvero la sua dotazione ontica. Le critiche di Anders, successivamente, si focalizzano sui nuovi strumenti di comunicazione di massa e come essi influenzino negativamente la vita dell’uomo. La radio e la televisione, essendo strumenti mediali, tramutano le esperienze reali in rappresentazioni di loro stesse. L’autore le definisce come “fantasmi”; perché esse sono diventate indistinguibili dagli eventi reali. Le immagini e i suoni trasmessi da questi dispositivi hanno assunto una parvenza di autenticità, ma in realtà essi sono solamente delle rappresentazioni preconfezionate del mondo; le quali distorcono la realtà e costruiscono una percezione alterata del reale nella mente degli spettatori La stessa cosa, oggigiorno, avviene con i più moderni strumenti di telecomunicazione, i quali continuano a fornire una rappresentazione della realtà invece della sua controparte reale. I nuovi sistemi tecnologici hanno, inoltre, trasformato il ruolo dell’uomo nella società, facendolo passare da un essere attivo individuale ad uno passivo-neutrale massificato; il quale collabora e non si fa domande sullo scopo del proprio operato. Tutto ciò, non solo ha contribuito alla creazione del modello economico-aziendale di produzione, ma ha anche portato alla sua traslazione nell’ambito militare, così da poter realizzare la prima bomba atomica. Tale arma fu realizzata da tanti collaboratori, i quali non si resero mai conto delle conseguenze delle proprie azioni, perché non ebbero mai la possibilità di assistere ai processi di realizzazione ed implementazione dell’ordigno atomico nella loro interezza. La mancanza di immaginazione morale generalizzata, ha portato l’essere umano a produrre più di quanto possa immaginare e ciò lo ha condotto a creare i mezzi per la sua stessa distruzione, reificando la visione del nichilismo radicale all’interno dell’arma atomica. Per far fronte a questa minaccia nel finale di questo lavoro verranno illustrate le argomentazioni critiche, sostenute da Anders ed altri pensatori, volte a condurre l’umanità verso un futuro più attivo moralmente e, possibilmente, libero dalla minaccia dell’estinzione umana.
Günther Anders e la questione della Tecnica
RUSTICHELLI, EDOARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
The following essay aims to present the main critical arguments illustrated by the German philosopher Günther Anders and other thinkers regarding contemporary technology and its effects on humankind. Initially, the text will outline the historical context in which the philosopher from Breslau was able to develop his thinking and his theses, before going on to explain the reasons that led him to adopt certain moralistic stances towards the development of technology. Throughout his life, Anders focused his analyses on human existence in an age dominated by technology. In this new era, human beings, having to work in close contact with machines, have begun to perceive their innate superiority and, consequently, feel ashamed of having been born and of not having been created exactly like them. This shame, which Anders describes as ‘Promethean’, drives human beings to feel ashamed of being themselves; and, in an attempt to compensate for their flawed nature, they try in every way to adapt to machines by imitating them. Soon, however, human beings realise that there is nothing to be done; because, despite their best efforts to compensate for their human nature, a human being will always remain just that. They will always carry with them their imperfect nature, that is, their ontic endowment. Anders’s criticism then focuses on the new mass media and how they negatively influence people’s lives. Radio and television, as media, transform real experiences into representations of reality. The author describes them as ‘ghosts’, because they have become indistinguishable from real events. The images and sounds transmitted by these devices have taken on an air of authenticity, but in reality they are merely pre-packaged representations of the world, which distort reality and construct an altered perception of it in the minds of viewers. The same thing happens today with the most modern telecommunications tools, which continue to provide a representation of reality rather than the real experience of it. Furthermore, new technological systems have transformed the role of humankind in society, turning individuals from active beings into passive, neutral and massified persons who cooperate without questioning the purpose of their actions. Not only has all of this contributed to the creation of the economic and corporate model of production, but has also led to its transfer into the military sphere, enabling the creation of the first atomic bomb. This weapon was developed by many contributors, who never realised the consequences of their actions, because they never had the opportunity to witness the processes of development and deployment of the nuclear device in their entirety. This widespread lack of moral imagination has led humankind to produce more than it can conceive and this has inevitably led it to create the means for its own destruction by reyifing the vision of radical nihilism within the atomic weapon. To address this threat, the conclusion of this paper will outline the critical arguments, illustraed by Anders and other thinkers, aimed at guiding humanity towards a more morally active future, one that is, if possible, free from the threat of human extinction.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/10243