Forensic palynology, or criminopalynology, is the branch of forensic botany that employs the study of pollen and spores to solve legal cases. This field of criminalistics finds application in numerous investigative scenarios, from the temporal and geographic placement of evidence to establishing associations between locations, objects, victims, and suspects involved in a crime. Thanks to characteristics such as specificity, ubiquity, microscopic size, and resistance, the use of these 'biological traces' has assumed a prominent role in the international forensic landscape. However, the routine use of forensic palynology is still limited to a few countries, including the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Taiwan, and the United States. In Italy, its application is sporadic, hindered by a shortage of specialists and law enforcement agencies' unfamiliarity with the discipline. Furthermore, there is still a lack of standardized references regarding the amount of pollen that can be transferred and retained by different substrates under specific environmental and exposure conditions, limiting the ability to quantitatively interpret pollen evidence in various forensic contexts. This thesis work aims to characterize and quantify the pollen recoverable from garments made of fabrics with varying compositions (cotton, polycotton, nylon, polyester, polyester-polyamide, polypropylene). The garments were worn along a predetermined route through an urban park and the surrounding areas of the city of Modena, selected based on the presence of known botanical elements. The route was traveled at different times of the year, corresponding to various flowering phases, in order to verify the actual deposition on the fabrics of pollen produced by the plants encountered along the way. The objective is to evaluate differences in the quantity and composition of retained pollen based on the type of fabric and the seasonal variability of the pollen component, providing a useful experimental basis for interpreting pollen traces in real judicial contexts. At the end of the route, the garments were sampled using a modified handheld vacuum cleaner, equipped with a coverslip to retain the grains. The palynological preparations thus obtained were observed under a light microscope, noting the identified taxa, the number of grains, and the type of garment they belonged to. The collected information was organized into a dedicated dataset and analyzed using statistical descriptors such as mean, standard deviation, and median. The results highlight that April was the month with the highest average amount of pollen captured by the garments and the highest taxonomic richness, while May recorded the highest average percentage of entomophilous pollen out of the total grains captured. Among the analyzed garments, the brushed polycotton sweatshirt presented the highest recovery efficiency, while the cotton twill hat retained the largest share of entomophilous grains. The coexistence of anemophilous and entomophilous taxa, both native and ornamental, made it possible to define a characteristic pollen footprint of the urban green spaces traversed. In particular, the high quantities of Tilia sp. grains found on some garments demonstrate how simply transiting beneath street trees can be recorded with high fidelity by clothing.
La palinologia forense o criminopalinologia è la branca della botanica forense che impiega lo studio di polline e spore per la risoluzione di casi giudiziari. Questo settore della criminalistica trova la sua applicazione in numerosi scenari investigativi, dalla collocazione temporale e geografica di reperti all’associazione tra luoghi, oggetti, vittime e sospettati coinvolti in un reato. Grazie a caratteristiche quali specificità, ubiquità, microscopicità e resistenza, l’impiego di queste ‘tracce biologiche’ ha assunto un ruolo di rilievo nel panorama forense internazionale. Tuttavia, l’utilizzo di routine della palinologia forense è ancora limitato a pochi Paesi, tra cui Regno Unito, Nuova Zelanda, Taiwan e Stati Uniti. In Italia si registra un impiego discontinuo, penalizzato dalla carenza di specialisti e dalla poca familiarità delle forze dell’ordine con questa disciplina. Inoltre, mancano ancora riferimenti standardizzati relativi alla quantità di polline che può essere trasferita e trattenuta da differenti substrati in specifiche condizioni ambientali e di esposizione, limitando la possibilità per interpretare quantitativamente le evidenze polliniche nei diversi contesti forensi. Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di caratterizzare e quantificare il polline recuperabile da indumenti realizzati con tessuti di diversa composizione (cotone, policotone, nylon, poliestere, poliestere-poliammide, polipropilene). Gli indumenti sono stati indossati lungo un percorso prestabilito attraverso un parco urbano e le aree limitrofe della città di Modena, selezionato in funzione della presenza di elementi botanici noti. Il tragitto è stato effettuato in differenti periodi dell’anno, corrispondenti a diverse fasi di fioritura, al fine di verificare l’effettiva deposizione sui tessuti del polline prodotto dalle piante incontrate lungo il percorso. L’obiettivo è valutare differenze nella quantità e composizione del polline trattenuto in funzione della tipologia di tessuto e della variabilità stagionale della componente pollinica, fornendo una base sperimentale utile per l’interpretazione delle tracce polliniche in reali contesti giudiziari. Al termine del percorso, gli indumenti sono stati campionati mediante un aspirabriciole modificato, equipaggiato con coprivetrino per il trattenimento dei granuli. I preparati palinologici così ottenuti sono stati osservati al microscopio ottico, annotando i taxa identificati, il numero di granuli e la tipologia di indumento di appartenenza. Le informazioni raccolte sono state organizzate in un dataset dedicato e analizzate mediante descrittori statistici quali media, deviazione standard e mediana. I risultati evidenziano come aprile sia stato il mese con il maggior numero medio di polline catturato dagli indumenti e con la più elevata ricchezza tassonomica, mentre maggio ha registrato la massima percentuale media di polline entomofilo sul totale dei granuli catturati. Tra gli indumenti analizzati, la felpa in policotone garzato ha presentato la maggiore efficienza di recupero, mentre il cappello in twill di cotone ha trattenuto la quota maggiore di granuli entomofili. La compresenza di taxa anemofili ed entomofili, sia autoctoni sia ornamentali, ha permesso di definire un’impronta pollinica caratteristica degli spazi verdi urbani attraversati. In particolare, le elevate quantità di granuli di Tilia sp. riscontrate su alcuni indumenti dimostrano come il semplice transito al di sotto di un’alberatura stradale possa essere registrato in modo altamente fedele dagli indumenti.
I tessuti come trappole per il polline: uno studio sperimentale di palinologia forense nella città di Modena
SALVATORI, FRANCESCO
2025/2026
Abstract
Forensic palynology, or criminopalynology, is the branch of forensic botany that employs the study of pollen and spores to solve legal cases. This field of criminalistics finds application in numerous investigative scenarios, from the temporal and geographic placement of evidence to establishing associations between locations, objects, victims, and suspects involved in a crime. Thanks to characteristics such as specificity, ubiquity, microscopic size, and resistance, the use of these 'biological traces' has assumed a prominent role in the international forensic landscape. However, the routine use of forensic palynology is still limited to a few countries, including the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Taiwan, and the United States. In Italy, its application is sporadic, hindered by a shortage of specialists and law enforcement agencies' unfamiliarity with the discipline. Furthermore, there is still a lack of standardized references regarding the amount of pollen that can be transferred and retained by different substrates under specific environmental and exposure conditions, limiting the ability to quantitatively interpret pollen evidence in various forensic contexts. This thesis work aims to characterize and quantify the pollen recoverable from garments made of fabrics with varying compositions (cotton, polycotton, nylon, polyester, polyester-polyamide, polypropylene). The garments were worn along a predetermined route through an urban park and the surrounding areas of the city of Modena, selected based on the presence of known botanical elements. The route was traveled at different times of the year, corresponding to various flowering phases, in order to verify the actual deposition on the fabrics of pollen produced by the plants encountered along the way. The objective is to evaluate differences in the quantity and composition of retained pollen based on the type of fabric and the seasonal variability of the pollen component, providing a useful experimental basis for interpreting pollen traces in real judicial contexts. At the end of the route, the garments were sampled using a modified handheld vacuum cleaner, equipped with a coverslip to retain the grains. The palynological preparations thus obtained were observed under a light microscope, noting the identified taxa, the number of grains, and the type of garment they belonged to. The collected information was organized into a dedicated dataset and analyzed using statistical descriptors such as mean, standard deviation, and median. The results highlight that April was the month with the highest average amount of pollen captured by the garments and the highest taxonomic richness, while May recorded the highest average percentage of entomophilous pollen out of the total grains captured. Among the analyzed garments, the brushed polycotton sweatshirt presented the highest recovery efficiency, while the cotton twill hat retained the largest share of entomophilous grains. The coexistence of anemophilous and entomophilous taxa, both native and ornamental, made it possible to define a characteristic pollen footprint of the urban green spaces traversed. In particular, the high quantities of Tilia sp. grains found on some garments demonstrate how simply transiting beneath street trees can be recorded with high fidelity by clothing.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/10287