Effects of Physical and Psychosocial Risk Factors on Well-Being: Evidence from Ambulance Personnel in the Lombardy Region

The aim of this research is to investigate how the well-being of ambulance personnel is affected by their workplace environment, specifically by various physical and psychosocial risk factors. The study is based on data collected through a survey administered to ambulance personnel in the Lombardy region of Italy in April 2025. The final sample includes information on 195 workers, covering both potential predictors of well-being and well-being itself, as measured by the WHO-5 index. The main findings indicate that well-being is strongly influenced by psychological and psychosocial risk factors. Among others, feeling exhausted after a shift and insufficient break time negatively impact well-being, whereas support, gratification, and career advancement have a positive effect. Therefore, enhanced initiatives focusing on psychological health and social support in the workplace could help ambulance personnel mitigate the negative effects of work-related stress and hazards, ultimately improving their performance during service.