The paper focuses on the analysis of environmental disaster crime legislation in two countries with similar legal systems: Italy and Spain. It starts by examining the evolution of the protection of the legal interest at stake (the environment), the international and European principles on which this protection is based and the last European Directive on the subject (2024/1203/EC). It later focuses on the analysis of the crime that best expresses the will of the legislators of the two states to protect the ecosystem: the environmental disaster. On the Italian side, two criminal offenses have historically followed with the direct or indirect purpose of protecting the environment, art. 434 c.p. and art. 452-quater c.p., the latter only introduced with the law 60/2015, of which the paper briefly analyzes the scope. On the Spanish side, however, the crime is provided for by art. 325 of the penal code, introduced by the last code of 1995, anticipating by twenty years the Italian legislator on environmental protection through criminal laws. The paper concludes with a closer look at the famous criminal proceedings that have seen the application of the articles under consideration: the case of Eternit for Italy, whose main charge was the crime referred to in art. 434 c.p., of which it is sadly evidenced the ineffectiveness to hit slow and repeated conducts, becoming an impulse for the mentioned reform of 2015, and the case Prestige for Spain, in which was applied the art. 325 c.p., showing instead the good procedural stability of the norm.
L'elaborato verte sull'analisi della normativa sul delitto di disastro ambientale in due paesi con sistemi giuridici simili: l'Italia e la Spagna. Esso parte dall'esame dell'evoluzione della tutela del bene giuridico, dei principi internazionali ed europei a cui questa tutela si ispira e dell'ultima Direttiva europea intervenuta sul tema (2024/1203/CE); per poi concentrarsi sull'analisi del delitto che meglio esprime la volontà dei legislatori dei due stati di proteggere l'ecosistema: il disastro ambientale. Sul versante italiano, si sono storicamente susseguite due fattispecie con lo scopo diretto o indiretto di tutelare l'ambiente, l'art. 434 c.p. e l'art. 452-quater c.p., quest'ultimo introdotto solo con la l. 60/2015, di cui l'elaborato analizza in breve la portata. Sul versante spagnolo, invece, la fattispecie è prevista dall'art. 325 del código penal, introdotto con l'ultimo codice del 1995, anticipando di ben vent'anni il legislatore italiano sulla tutela ambientale attraverso norme penali. Chiude la trattazione l'approfondimento dei famosi procedimenti penali che hanno visto l'applicazione delle fattispecie in esame: il caso Eternit per l'Italia, la cui imputazione principale consisteva nel delitto di cui all'art. 434 c.p., di cui si è tristemente evidenziata in tale sede l'inefficacia per colpire condotte lente e reiterate, traducendosi in un impulso per la citata riforma del 2015, ed il caso Prestige per la Spagna, nel quale è stato applicato l'art. 325 c.p., mostrando invece la buona tenuta processuale della fattispecie.
La tutela penale dell'ambiente in Italia e in Spagna: un focus sul delitto di disastro ambientale.
DININNO, GIANNA
2024/2025
Abstract
The paper focuses on the analysis of environmental disaster crime legislation in two countries with similar legal systems: Italy and Spain. It starts by examining the evolution of the protection of the legal interest at stake (the environment), the international and European principles on which this protection is based and the last European Directive on the subject (2024/1203/EC). It later focuses on the analysis of the crime that best expresses the will of the legislators of the two states to protect the ecosystem: the environmental disaster. On the Italian side, two criminal offenses have historically followed with the direct or indirect purpose of protecting the environment, art. 434 c.p. and art. 452-quater c.p., the latter only introduced with the law 60/2015, of which the paper briefly analyzes the scope. On the Spanish side, however, the crime is provided for by art. 325 of the penal code, introduced by the last code of 1995, anticipating by twenty years the Italian legislator on environmental protection through criminal laws. The paper concludes with a closer look at the famous criminal proceedings that have seen the application of the articles under consideration: the case of Eternit for Italy, whose main charge was the crime referred to in art. 434 c.p., of which it is sadly evidenced the ineffectiveness to hit slow and repeated conducts, becoming an impulse for the mentioned reform of 2015, and the case Prestige for Spain, in which was applied the art. 325 c.p., showing instead the good procedural stability of the norm.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/3488