Small fruits, such as berries and grapes, represent a group of fruits that are typically found in understory environments, characterized by high humidity and low light. This study focuses on the use of traditional analytical techniques, such as Solid Phase Microextraction coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS), and innovative technologies, such as the S3+ electronic nose equipped with metal oxide (MOX) sensors, to monitor the freshness of table grapes of the Italia and Autumn King cultivars. The research aimed to analyze the volatilome, i.e., the profile of volatile compounds emitted by grape samples stored at 2°C in controlled atmosphere (CA) for different time intervals. Two storage conditions were examined, characterized by different gas concentrations: CA-1 (3% O2, 10% CO2) and CA-2 (3% O2, 5% CO2). The analysis of the volatilome allowed us to evaluate the influence of atmospheric conditions on the composition of volatile compounds over time. Through GC-MS analysis, we obtained: histograms and pie charts that allowed us to identify the chemical composition of the two table grape varieties (Italia and Autumn King). The results showed a higher presence of alkanes, followed by esters, alkenes, and alcohols in both varieties. The project allowed us to characterize the volatilome of grapes, identifying the total volatile organic compounds and determining the markers useful for distinguishing the freshness status and signs of qualitative degradation of the product. Through S3+ analysis, we obtained results using multivariate PCA (Principal Component Analysis), which allowed us to verify that: for Italia table grapes, with a total variance of 89%, the CA-1 condition at 42 days had volatile components very similar to the fresh condition, because metabolic activity is high at the beginning and then stabilizes. The same applies to the Ctrl at 42 days, which has volatile components very similar to the fresh condition. Therefore, we obtained optimal results compared to the CA-2 condition at 14 days, which has characteristics that deviate from the fresh condition, and therefore less optimal working conditions were obtained. For Autumn King table grapes, with a total variance of 91%, it was found that the CA-2 condition at 42 days had volatile components more similar to the fresh condition, making it the best condition compared to CA-1 at 28 days, which due to metabolic activity, led to continuous fermentation of sugars, resulting in chemical conditions inside the acid and therefore resulting in the worst working condition.
I piccoli frutti, come i frutti di bosco, le bacche e l’uva, rappresentano un gruppo di frutti di ridotte dimensioni che si sviluppano nel sottobosco, provenienti da piante tipicamente presenti in ambienti umidi e scarsamente illuminati. Questo studio si focalizza sull’impiego di tecniche analitiche tradizionali, come la Microestrazione in Fase Solida abbinata a Gas Cromatografia e Spettrometria di Massa (SPME-GC-MS), e di tecnologie innovative, come il naso elettronico S3+ equipaggiato con sensori a ossido metallico (MOX), per il monitoraggio della freschezza dell’uva da tavola delle cultivar Italia e Autumn King. L’attività di ricerca ha avuto come obiettivo l’analisi del volatiloma, ovvero il profilo dei composti volatili emessi da campioni di uva conservati a 2 °C in atmosfera controllata (CA) per differenti intervalli di tempo. Lo studio ha preso in esame due condizioni di conservazione, caratterizzate da differenti concentrazioni gassose: CA-1 (3% O₂, 10% CO₂) e CA-2 (3% O₂, 5% CO₂). L’analisi del volatiloma ha permesso di valutare l’influenza delle condizioni atmosferiche sulla composizione dei composti volatili nel tempo. Attraverso l’analisi del GC-MS abbiamo ottenuto: Istogrammi e grafici a torta che hanno permesso di individuare la composizione chimica delle due tipologie di uva da tavola (Italia e Autumn King). I risultati hanno mostrato una maggiore presenza di alcani, seguiti da esteri, alcheni e alcoli in entrambe le varietà. Il progetto ha permesso di caratterizzare il volatiloma dell’uva, identificando i composti organici volatili totali e individuando i marcatori utili a distinguere lo stato di freschezza e i segnali di degradazione qualitativa del prodotto. Attraverso l’analisi S3+, abbiamo ottenuto i risultati mediante l’analisi multivariata PCA (analisi delle componenti principali), la quale ci ha permesso di verificare che: Per l’uva da tavola Italia, con una varianza totale dell’89%, si è visto che la condizione CA-1 a 42 giorni avesse componenti volatili molto simili alla condizione fresca perché l’attività metabolica è elevata all’inizio e di seguito di stabilizza. Stessa cosa per il Ctrl a 42 giorni che ha componenti volatili molto simili al fresco. Perciò abbiamo ottenuto dei risultati al quanto ottimali rispetto alla condizione di lavoro CA-2 a 14 giorni, che ha delle caratteristiche che si discostano dal fresco e quindi si sono ottenute condizioni di lavoro meno ottimali. Per l’uva da tavola Autumn King, con una varianza totale del 91%, si è visto che la condizione CA-2 a 42 giorni ha componenti volatili più simili al fresco, perciò, è stata la condizione migliore rispetto alla CA-1 a 28 giorni, che a causa dell’attività metabolica, ha apportato ad una continua fermentazione degli zuccheri, facendo si che ci fossero delle condizioni chimiche all’interno dell’acido e quindi è risultata la condizione peggiore di lavoro.
Valutazione dell’efficacia dell’atmosfera controllata sul profilo aromatico dell’uva ‘Italia’ e ‘Autumn King’ tramite analisi con sensori MOX e GC-MS
PERSICHELLA, ANGELA
2024/2025
Abstract
Small fruits, such as berries and grapes, represent a group of fruits that are typically found in understory environments, characterized by high humidity and low light. This study focuses on the use of traditional analytical techniques, such as Solid Phase Microextraction coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS), and innovative technologies, such as the S3+ electronic nose equipped with metal oxide (MOX) sensors, to monitor the freshness of table grapes of the Italia and Autumn King cultivars. The research aimed to analyze the volatilome, i.e., the profile of volatile compounds emitted by grape samples stored at 2°C in controlled atmosphere (CA) for different time intervals. Two storage conditions were examined, characterized by different gas concentrations: CA-1 (3% O2, 10% CO2) and CA-2 (3% O2, 5% CO2). The analysis of the volatilome allowed us to evaluate the influence of atmospheric conditions on the composition of volatile compounds over time. Through GC-MS analysis, we obtained: histograms and pie charts that allowed us to identify the chemical composition of the two table grape varieties (Italia and Autumn King). The results showed a higher presence of alkanes, followed by esters, alkenes, and alcohols in both varieties. The project allowed us to characterize the volatilome of grapes, identifying the total volatile organic compounds and determining the markers useful for distinguishing the freshness status and signs of qualitative degradation of the product. Through S3+ analysis, we obtained results using multivariate PCA (Principal Component Analysis), which allowed us to verify that: for Italia table grapes, with a total variance of 89%, the CA-1 condition at 42 days had volatile components very similar to the fresh condition, because metabolic activity is high at the beginning and then stabilizes. The same applies to the Ctrl at 42 days, which has volatile components very similar to the fresh condition. Therefore, we obtained optimal results compared to the CA-2 condition at 14 days, which has characteristics that deviate from the fresh condition, and therefore less optimal working conditions were obtained. For Autumn King table grapes, with a total variance of 91%, it was found that the CA-2 condition at 42 days had volatile components more similar to the fresh condition, making it the best condition compared to CA-1 at 28 days, which due to metabolic activity, led to continuous fermentation of sugars, resulting in chemical conditions inside the acid and therefore resulting in the worst working condition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Persichella.Angela.pdf.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
2.38 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.38 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/3802