Plastic has become, also thanks to its versatility and reduced production costs, an essential material but also one of the main sources of environmental pollution. Its high durability and inefficient end-of-life management have lead to a significant increase in plastic waste, highlighting the need for more sustainable management strategies. This thesis aims to evaluate, through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, the environmental impact associated with three different plastic waste treatment processes: thermochemical recycling, via pyrolysis, mechanical recycling, and landfill disposal. The objective is to identify the most sustainable waste management process, by comparatively analysing the environmental performance and emission contributions to each process. The modelling phase was carried out using the SimaPro software and the Ecoinvent database, adopting an attributional approach. The impact assessment was performed with ReCiPe 2016 (E) v1.09 method, selected for its strong coherence, transparency and comprehensive global coverage of the enviromental aspects under consideration. Inventory data were obtained from scientific literature and supplemented with economic information for allocation amount co-products. The results indicate that mechanical recycling, from which enables the recovery of polyethylene (PE) and secondary polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and thus offsets the production of new raw materials, has the lowest overall environmental impacts, representing the most sustainable solution among those analysed. Thermochemical recycling, despite its higher environmental impacts, allows the valorisation non-recyclable fractions, by producing various outputs such as syngas, diesel, petrol, ethylene and propylene, which contribute to energy recovery and raw material substitution. Landfill disposal is the least environmentally sustainable choice, as it not only does not allow for any recovery of matter or energy, and it exhibits the greatest environmental damage. An uncertainty analysis was performed via the Monte Carlo method, to assess the reliability of the results. The study demonstrates that both recovery-based strategies mechanical and thermochemical are preferable to landfill disposal and represent an essential step toward a circular and sustainable approach to plastic waste management. While there is no universally optimal solution, recycling processes reduce the consumption of virgin resources, mitigate environmental impacts, and protect human health. A combination of recycling technologies, supported by a proper end-of-life management and prevention policies, could therefore constitute the most effective strategy to reduce dependence on virgin plastics and improve the overall sustainability of plastic waste management systems.
La plastica è diventata, anche grazie alla sua versatilità e ridotti costi di produzione, un materiale essenziale ma anche una delle principali fonti di inquinamento ambientale. L’elevata durabilità e la gestione inefficiente del fine vita hanno determinato un significativo aumento dei rifiuti plastici, evidenziando la necessità di strategie di gestione più sostenibile. Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di valutare, attraverso la metodologia Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), l’impatto ambientale associato a tre differenti processi di trattamenti dei rifiuti plastici: riciclo termochimico, tramite pirolisi, riciclo meccanico, e smaltimento in discarica. L’obiettivo è identificare il processo di gestione dei rifiuti più sostenibile, analizzando in modo comparativo le prestazioni ambientali e i contributi emissivi di ciascun processo. La fase di modellazione è stata effettuata utilizzando il software SimaPro e la banca dati Ecoinvent, adottando un approccio attribuzionale e il metodo di valutazione dell’impatto ReCiPe 2016 v1.09, scelto in quanto permette di garantire buona coerenza, trasparenza e una copertura globale degli effetti considerati. I dati d’inventario sono stati ottenuti da letteratura scientifica e integrati con informazioni economiche per l’allocazione tra i coprodotti. I risultati indicano che il riciclo meccanico, il quale consente il recupero di polietilene secondario (PE) e di polietilene tereftalato secondario (PET), compensando, quindi, la produzione di nuove materie prime, presenta i minori impatti ambientali complessivi, rappresentando la soluzione più sostenibile tra quelle analizzate. Il riciclo termochimico, nonostante i maggiori impatti ambientali, rispetto al riciclo meccanico, offre la possibilità di valorizzare le frazioni non riciclabili, producendo diversi output come syngas, diesel, benzina, etilene e propilene, che contribuiscono al recupero energetico e alla sostituzione delle materie prime. Lo smaltimento in discarica risulta la scelta ambientalmente meno sostenibile, in quanto non solo non consente alcun recupero di materia o di energia ma presenta anche il maggior impatto ambientale. È stata eseguita un’analisi delle incertezze, tramite il metodo Monte Carlo, al fine di valutare l’affidabilità dei risultati. Nel complesso, lo studio conferma che le strategie basate sul recupero, sia meccanico sia termochimico, sono preferibili allo smaltimento in discarica e rappresentano un passaggio essenziale verso una gestione più circolare e sostenibile dei rifiuti plastici. Pur non esistendo una soluzione universalmente ottimale, i processi di riciclo consentono di ridurre l’uso di risorse vergini, limitare gli impatti ambientali e tutelare la salute umana. Una combinazione di tecnologie di riciclaggio, supportata da adeguate politiche di gestione e prevenzione del fine vita, potrebbe quindi costituire la strategia più efficace per ridurre la dipendenza dalla plastica vergine e migliorare la sostenibilità complessiva del sistema di gestione dei rifiuti plastici.
Valutazione dell'impatto ambientale del trattamento di fine vita della plastica mediante analisi del ciclo di vita (LCA): confronto tra il riciclo termochimico, riciclo meccanico e smaltimento in discarica
ROTELLA, DOMENICO
2024/2025
Abstract
Plastic has become, also thanks to its versatility and reduced production costs, an essential material but also one of the main sources of environmental pollution. Its high durability and inefficient end-of-life management have lead to a significant increase in plastic waste, highlighting the need for more sustainable management strategies. This thesis aims to evaluate, through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, the environmental impact associated with three different plastic waste treatment processes: thermochemical recycling, via pyrolysis, mechanical recycling, and landfill disposal. The objective is to identify the most sustainable waste management process, by comparatively analysing the environmental performance and emission contributions to each process. The modelling phase was carried out using the SimaPro software and the Ecoinvent database, adopting an attributional approach. The impact assessment was performed with ReCiPe 2016 (E) v1.09 method, selected for its strong coherence, transparency and comprehensive global coverage of the enviromental aspects under consideration. Inventory data were obtained from scientific literature and supplemented with economic information for allocation amount co-products. The results indicate that mechanical recycling, from which enables the recovery of polyethylene (PE) and secondary polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and thus offsets the production of new raw materials, has the lowest overall environmental impacts, representing the most sustainable solution among those analysed. Thermochemical recycling, despite its higher environmental impacts, allows the valorisation non-recyclable fractions, by producing various outputs such as syngas, diesel, petrol, ethylene and propylene, which contribute to energy recovery and raw material substitution. Landfill disposal is the least environmentally sustainable choice, as it not only does not allow for any recovery of matter or energy, and it exhibits the greatest environmental damage. An uncertainty analysis was performed via the Monte Carlo method, to assess the reliability of the results. The study demonstrates that both recovery-based strategies mechanical and thermochemical are preferable to landfill disposal and represent an essential step toward a circular and sustainable approach to plastic waste management. While there is no universally optimal solution, recycling processes reduce the consumption of virgin resources, mitigate environmental impacts, and protect human health. A combination of recycling technologies, supported by a proper end-of-life management and prevention policies, could therefore constitute the most effective strategy to reduce dependence on virgin plastics and improve the overall sustainability of plastic waste management systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/4182