The debate on end-of-life care, and specifically on medical assisted suicide (MAS), has assumed central importance in Italy, driven by evolving case law (Constitutional Court ruling 242/2019) and subsequent initial regional implementations, such as in the case of Emilia-Romagna. In this complex landscape, the need to define the roles and responsibilities of various professional figures emerges. This dissertation focuses on nursing's contribution to the PAS process. The objective is to analyze the role of nurses, a professional who, due to their proximity and continuity of care, is central to the relationship with patients and caregivers, yet whose involvement is not yet clearly regulated in the Italian context. Through a literature review, the paper integrates the analysis of the regulatory and ethical framework with international evidence. The paper is divided into six chapters. It begins with a theoretical framework, defining PAS with its various international terminologies and distinguishing it from euthanasia and palliative sedation. Furthermore, the bioethical principles of autonomy, self-determination, and dignity are examined. The Italian legal framework is then analyzed, from Articles 579 and 580 of the Criminal Code to Law 219/2017, and the key rulings (Englaro, DJ Fabo) that led to the 2019 Constitutional Court ruling. This chapter also includes a comparison with the legal systems of Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. The analysis then shifts to the organizational context of the National Health Service and the importance of multidisciplinary teams. Chapter 4 focuses on the needs of individuals and caregivers: for patients, these include self-determination, pain management, and psychological support; for family members, emotional support, informational support, and the complex process of mourning. Finally, the literature review and critical discussion highlight the primary role of nurses. The nurse is not merely a technical executor, but rather a professional who intercepts the request (explicit or implicit), assesses the suffering in its context (physical, social, existential), and manages the relationship in a phase of extreme vulnerability. The thesis highlights how other countries have resolved the definition of the role of nurses in physician-assisted suicide: Canada, with its MAiD legislation, has defined advanced roles such as the "Nurse Practitioner," who can act as evaluator and service provider, and the "Nurse Navigator," who coordinates the process. In conclusion, the thesis confirms the paradox of the "invisible" nurse: essential in practice and relationships, yet absent from procedures. It emphasizes the urgency not only of a national law, but also of specific academic and ongoing training programs to equip nurses with the tools needed to manage the complexity of the end-of-life situation, allowing the profession to address the dilemma of "Care vs. Choice."
Il dibattito sul fine vita e, in particolare, sul suicidio medicalmente assistito (SMA), ha assunto in Italia una rilevanza centrale, spinto dall'evoluzione giurisprudenziale (sentenza 242/2019 della Corte Costituzionale) e dalle conseguenti prime attuazioni regionali, come nel caso dell'Emilia-Romagna. In questo scenario complesso, emerge la necessità di definire i ruoli e le responsabilità delle diverse figure professionali. Questa tesi compilativa si concentra sul contributo infermieristico nel percorso di SMA. L'obiettivo è analizzare il ruolo dell'infermiere, figura che per prossimità e continuità assistenziale si trova al centro della relazione con il paziente e i caregiver ma il cui coinvolgimento non è ancora chiaramente normato nel contesto italiano. Attraverso una revisione della letteratura il lavoro integra l'analisi del quadro normativo e deontologico con le evidenze internazionali. Il percorso si articola in sei capitoli. Inizialmente vi si mostra una cornice teorica definendo lo SMA con le sue varie terminologie nel mondo e distinguendolo da eutanasia e sedazione palliativa. Oltre ciò si esaminano i principi bioetici di autonomia, autodeterminazione e dignità. Successivamente, si analizza la cornice normativa italiana: dagli articoli 579 e 580 c.p. alla Legge 219/2017, fino alle sentenze chiave (Englaro, DJ Fabo) che hanno portato alla pronuncia della Consulta del 2019. Questo capitolo include anche un confronto con gli ordinamenti di Canada, Belgio, Paesi Bassi e Svizzera. L'analisi si sposta poi sul contesto organizzativo del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale e sull'importanza delle équipe multidisciplinari. Il capitolo 4 è dedicato ai bisogni della persona e dei caregiver: per il paziente, emergono l'autodeterminazione, il controllo del dolore e il sostegno psicologico; per i familiari, l'accompagnamento emotivo, il supporto informativo e la complessa elaborazione del lutto. L'analisi della letteratura e la discussione critica infine evidenziano il ruolo primario dell'infermiere. L'infermiere non è un mero esecutore tecnico ma il professionista che intercetta la richiesta (esplicita o implicita), valuta la sofferenza nel suo contesto (fisico, sociale, esistenziale) e gestisce la relazione in una fase di estrema vulnerabilità. La tesi evidenzia come altri Paesi abbiano risolto la definizione del ruolo degli infermieri nel suicidio medicalmente assistito: il Canada, con la legislazione sul MAiD, ha definito ruoli avanzati come il "Nurse Practitioner" che può agire come valutatore e fornitore del servizio e il "Nurse Navigator" che coordina il percorso. In conclusione, la tesi conferma il paradosso dell'infermiere "invisibile": essenziale nella pratica e nella relazione, ma assente nelle procedure. Si sottolinea l'urgenza non solo di una legge nazionale, ma anche di percorsi formativi specifici, accademici e continui, per dotare gli infermieri degli strumenti necessari a gestire la complessità del fine vita, permettendo alla professione di farsi carico del dilemma "Tra Cura e Scelta".
Il Suicidio Medicalmente Assistito e il ruolo dell’infermiere nel dilemma etico del fine vita: Tra Cura e Scelta Una revisione della letteratura
PALMISANO, GIUSEPPE
2024/2025
Abstract
The debate on end-of-life care, and specifically on medical assisted suicide (MAS), has assumed central importance in Italy, driven by evolving case law (Constitutional Court ruling 242/2019) and subsequent initial regional implementations, such as in the case of Emilia-Romagna. In this complex landscape, the need to define the roles and responsibilities of various professional figures emerges. This dissertation focuses on nursing's contribution to the PAS process. The objective is to analyze the role of nurses, a professional who, due to their proximity and continuity of care, is central to the relationship with patients and caregivers, yet whose involvement is not yet clearly regulated in the Italian context. Through a literature review, the paper integrates the analysis of the regulatory and ethical framework with international evidence. The paper is divided into six chapters. It begins with a theoretical framework, defining PAS with its various international terminologies and distinguishing it from euthanasia and palliative sedation. Furthermore, the bioethical principles of autonomy, self-determination, and dignity are examined. The Italian legal framework is then analyzed, from Articles 579 and 580 of the Criminal Code to Law 219/2017, and the key rulings (Englaro, DJ Fabo) that led to the 2019 Constitutional Court ruling. This chapter also includes a comparison with the legal systems of Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. The analysis then shifts to the organizational context of the National Health Service and the importance of multidisciplinary teams. Chapter 4 focuses on the needs of individuals and caregivers: for patients, these include self-determination, pain management, and psychological support; for family members, emotional support, informational support, and the complex process of mourning. Finally, the literature review and critical discussion highlight the primary role of nurses. The nurse is not merely a technical executor, but rather a professional who intercepts the request (explicit or implicit), assesses the suffering in its context (physical, social, existential), and manages the relationship in a phase of extreme vulnerability. The thesis highlights how other countries have resolved the definition of the role of nurses in physician-assisted suicide: Canada, with its MAiD legislation, has defined advanced roles such as the "Nurse Practitioner," who can act as evaluator and service provider, and the "Nurse Navigator," who coordinates the process. In conclusion, the thesis confirms the paradox of the "invisible" nurse: essential in practice and relationships, yet absent from procedures. It emphasizes the urgency not only of a national law, but also of specific academic and ongoing training programs to equip nurses with the tools needed to manage the complexity of the end-of-life situation, allowing the profession to address the dilemma of "Care vs. Choice."| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/4185