Background: Chronic diseases represent a major challenge for healthcare systems, absorbing the majority of resources. In Italy, they drive a growing demand for care, impacting hospitalizations, healthcare costs, and the burden on community services. Internationally, the International Council of Nurses (ICN) promotes the role of the advanced practice nurse (APN), a postgraduate professional with specialized knowledge, complex decision-making skills, and clinical expertise for advanced practice. In Italy, despite a regulatory framework promoting the development of nursing skills (Law 190/2014, paragraph 566), this role is not yet institutionalized, but it could represent a strategic lever for effectively and sustainably addressing the management of chronic conditions, while simultaneously improving clinical outcomes and patient quality of life. Objective: The objective is to observe whether the implementation of the APN in the care of chronically ill patients improves the quality of care, reduces hospitalizations, and reduces healthcare costs. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 Guidelines. Studies published in the last ten years (2015–2025) were included that included the presence of APN, patients with chronic conditions, and reported at least one of the outcomes of interest, such as improved quality of care, reduced hospitalizations, and healthcare costs. The literature search was conducted in the major databases: the Cochrane Library, Medline, CINAHL, UpToDate, and DynaMed. The search included 14 studies. All selected articles were assessed using the JBI tools. Results: The 14 included studies assessed the impact of APN on quality of care, hospital admissions, and healthcare costs. Seven studies showed a significant improvement associated with APN care, with improved quality of life outcomes in patients cared for at home. 11 studies reported a reduction in hospitalizations in patients managed by APNs. Finally, 13 studies assessed the economic impact, most of which demonstrated cost reductions. Although some studies report conflicting results, the APN model tends to reduce healthcare spending overall through fewer hospitalizations, greater organizational efficiency, and better use of hospital resources. Conclusion: The review highlights that the introduction of the APN significantly improves the quality of care, adherence to guidelines, and the efficiency of care pathways, particularly in the management of chronic conditions. Studies also show a reduction in avoidable hospitalizations, a delay in readmissions, and consequently, a reduction in healthcare costs, contributing to the sustainability of healthcare systems. From a practical standpoint, key elements emerge, such as interdisciplinary coordination, the strengthening of primary care, and the use of home follow-ups, telemedicine, and telephone support. At the social level, the APN promotes more equitable access to services, reduces regional inequalities, and improves quality of life and patient satisfaction. In the Italian context, the current territorial reorganization represents favorable ground for the future implementation of the role. Further research is needed, especially in Europe, to uniformly define the APN's competencies, responsibilities, and impact.
Background: Le malattie croniche rappresentano una delle principali sfide per i sistemi sanitari, poiché assorbono la maggior parte delle risorse. In Italia determinano una crescente domanda di cure generando un impatto in termini di ospedalizzazioni, costi sanitari e carico assistenziale sui servizi territoriali. A livello internazionale, l’International Council of Nurses (ICN) promuove la figura dell’infermiere di pratica avanzata (APN), un professionista con formazione post-laurea con conoscenze specialistiche, capacità decisionali complesse e competenze cliniche per la pratica avanzata. In Italia, nonostante un quadro normativo che promuove l’evoluzione delle competenze infermieristiche (Legge 190/2014, comma 566), tale figura non è ancora istituzionalizzata ma potrebbe rappresentare una leva strategica per affrontare in modo efficace e sostenibile la gestione della cronicità, migliorando, al contempo, esiti clinici e qualità di vita dei pazienti. Obiettivo: L’obiettivo è osservare se l’implementazione dell’infermiere APN nell’assistenza ai pazienti cronici migliora la qualità assistenziale, riduce i ricoveri ed i costi sanitari. Metodi: È stata condotta una scoping review conforme alle Linee Guida PRISMA 2020. Sono stati inclusi studi pubblicati negli ultimi dieci anni (2015–2025) che prevedessero la presenza dell’APN, di pazienti con patologie croniche e riportassero almeno uno degli outcomes di interesse, quali miglioramento della qualità assistenziale, riduzione dei ricoveri e dei costi sanitari. La ricerca bibliografica è stata condotta nelle principali banche dati, Cochrane Library, Medline, CINAHL, UpToDate, DynaMed. La ricerca ha incluso 14 studi. Tutti gli articoli selezionati sono stati valutati con gli strumenti JBI. Risultati: I 14 studi inclusi hanno valutato l’impatto APN sulla qualità assistenziale, ricoveri ospedalieri e costi sanitari. 7 studi hanno evidenziato un miglioramento significativo associato all’assistenza APN con migliori esiti di qualità di vita nei pazienti seguiti a domicilio. 11 studi hanno riportato una riduzione dei ricoveri nei pazienti gestiti da APN. Infine, 13 studi hanno valutato l’impatto economico mostrando, nella maggior parte dei casi, una riduzione dei costi. Sebbene alcuni studi riportino risultati contrastanti, il modello APN tende complessivamente a ridurre la spesa sanitaria attraverso minori ricoveri, maggiore efficienza organizzativa e migliore uso di risorse ospedaliere. Conclusione: La revisione evidenzia che l’introduzione dell’APN migliora in modo significativo la qualità assistenziale, l’aderenza alle Linee Guida e l’efficienza dei percorsi di cura, in particolare nella gestione delle patologie croniche. Gli studi mostrano inoltre una riduzione dei ricoveri evitabili, un ritardo nelle riammissioni e, conseguentemente, una diminuzione dei costi sanitari, contribuendo alla sostenibilità dei sistemi sanitari. Dal punto di vista pratico emergono elementi centrali come il coordinamento interdisciplinare, il potenziamento delle cure primarie e l’utilizzo di follow-up domiciliari, telemedicina e supporto telefonico. A livello sociale, l’APN favorisce un accesso più equo ai servizi, riduce le disuguaglianze territoriali e migliora la qualità di vita e la soddisfazione dei pazienti. Nel contesto italiano, l’attuale riorganizzazione territoriale rappresenta un terreno favorevole per la futura implementazione del ruolo. Sono necessarie ulteriori ricerche, soprattutto in Europa, per definire in maniera uniforme competenze, responsabilità e impatto dell’APN.
L’infermiere di pratica avanzata nell’assistenza ai pazienti cronici: una scoping review
FORMIGLIO, GIUSEPPE
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Chronic diseases represent a major challenge for healthcare systems, absorbing the majority of resources. In Italy, they drive a growing demand for care, impacting hospitalizations, healthcare costs, and the burden on community services. Internationally, the International Council of Nurses (ICN) promotes the role of the advanced practice nurse (APN), a postgraduate professional with specialized knowledge, complex decision-making skills, and clinical expertise for advanced practice. In Italy, despite a regulatory framework promoting the development of nursing skills (Law 190/2014, paragraph 566), this role is not yet institutionalized, but it could represent a strategic lever for effectively and sustainably addressing the management of chronic conditions, while simultaneously improving clinical outcomes and patient quality of life. Objective: The objective is to observe whether the implementation of the APN in the care of chronically ill patients improves the quality of care, reduces hospitalizations, and reduces healthcare costs. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 Guidelines. Studies published in the last ten years (2015–2025) were included that included the presence of APN, patients with chronic conditions, and reported at least one of the outcomes of interest, such as improved quality of care, reduced hospitalizations, and healthcare costs. The literature search was conducted in the major databases: the Cochrane Library, Medline, CINAHL, UpToDate, and DynaMed. The search included 14 studies. All selected articles were assessed using the JBI tools. Results: The 14 included studies assessed the impact of APN on quality of care, hospital admissions, and healthcare costs. Seven studies showed a significant improvement associated with APN care, with improved quality of life outcomes in patients cared for at home. 11 studies reported a reduction in hospitalizations in patients managed by APNs. Finally, 13 studies assessed the economic impact, most of which demonstrated cost reductions. Although some studies report conflicting results, the APN model tends to reduce healthcare spending overall through fewer hospitalizations, greater organizational efficiency, and better use of hospital resources. Conclusion: The review highlights that the introduction of the APN significantly improves the quality of care, adherence to guidelines, and the efficiency of care pathways, particularly in the management of chronic conditions. Studies also show a reduction in avoidable hospitalizations, a delay in readmissions, and consequently, a reduction in healthcare costs, contributing to the sustainability of healthcare systems. From a practical standpoint, key elements emerge, such as interdisciplinary coordination, the strengthening of primary care, and the use of home follow-ups, telemedicine, and telephone support. At the social level, the APN promotes more equitable access to services, reduces regional inequalities, and improves quality of life and patient satisfaction. In the Italian context, the current territorial reorganization represents favorable ground for the future implementation of the role. Further research is needed, especially in Europe, to uniformly define the APN's competencies, responsibilities, and impact.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/4193