This work, developed in collaboration with Dallara Automobili S.p.A., presents the development of a predictive model for estimating the temperature evolution of brake discs and tires for a high-performance vehicle, with particular reference to motorsport applications. The work was conducted in two phases: thermal analysis of the braking system alone, and subsequent integration of the tire. A lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) was adopted for the braking system, modeled using energy balance equations in MATLAB. The model parameters were optimized by comparing them with telemetric temperature data acquired on the track, obtaining temperature trends for the brake disc and caliper that were comparable to reality. The analysis highlighted the brake disc as the most critical element, with surfaces reaching the highest temperatures during braking, and the central area (Disc Bulk) dominating cooling via forced convection with external air. The thermal power transferred by conduction to the rim is negligible, highlighting thermal decoupling between the braking system and the tire. For the tire, two modeling strategies were developed: a lumped-parameter approach (LPTN), with the tire divided into tread and carcass, and a three-dimensional approach based on the Finite Volume Method (FVM). Due to the unavailability of slip parameters (slip angles and slip ratios) and the angular velocities of each wheel, it was necessary to analyze the vehicle dynamics using Magic Formulas (MF). The lumped-parameter model proved more effective, with low errors, reduced analysis times, and energy balances consistent with experimental reality, providing outputs of the temperature trends of the tread and carcass. Thermal analysis highlighted the friction power produced by tread-asphalt friction as the primary heat generation mechanism, while convection exchange between the tread and air ensures cooling at high speeds. At each stage, the carcass acts as a thermal accumulator, absorbing heat during intense stress and gradually releasing it during lower-load phases. Despite the complexity of the physical phenomenon and the limited data available, the developed model provides a solid basis for predicting braking system and tire temperatures, with the prospect of increasing its robustness through validation on additional circuits and over a longer time scale.
Il presente lavoro, sviluppato in collaborazione con Dallara Automobili S.p.A., presenta lo sviluppo di un modello predittivo per la stima dell'evoluzione delle temperature di dischi freno e pneumatici per una vettura ad alte prestazioni, con particolare riferimento alle applicazioni nel motorsport. Il lavoro si è svolto in due fasi: analisi termica del solo sistema frenante, e successiva integrazione dello pneumatico. Per il sistema frenante è stata adottata una rete termica a parametri concentrati (LPTN – Lumped Parameter Thermal Network), modellati tramite equazioni di bilancio energetico in ambiente MATLAB. I parametri del modello sono stati ottimizzati mediante confronto con dati telemetrici di temperatura acquisiti in pista, ottenendo andamenti di temperatura di disco e pinza freno confrontabili con la realtà. L’analisi ha evidenziato il disco freno come elemento più critico, con superfici che raggiungono le temperature più elevate durante le frenate, e con la zona centrale (Disc Bulk) che invece domina il raffreddamento tramite convezione forzata con l’aria esterna. La potenza termica trasferita per conduzione al cerchione risulta trascurabile, evidenziando un disaccoppiamento termico tra sistema frenante e pneumatico. Per lo pneumatico, sono state sviluppate due strategie modellistiche: approccio a parametri concentrati (LPTN), con suddivisione dello pneumatico in battistrada e carcassa, e un approccio tridimensionale basato sul Metodo ai Volumi Finiti (FVM). A causa di indisponibilità dei parametri di slittamento (Slip Angles e Slip Ratios) e delle velocità angolari di ogni ruota, si è reso necessaria l’analisi della dinamica del veicolo con l’utilizzo di Magic Formulae (MF). Il modello a parametri concentrati è risultato più efficace, con errori contenuti, tempi di analisi ridotti e bilanci energetici coerenti con la realtà sperimentale, fornendo in output gli andamenti di temperatura del battistrada e della carcassa. L'analisi termica ha evidenziato la Friction Power prodotta dall'attrito battistrada – asfalto come meccanismo di generazione termica principale, mentre lo scambio per convezione battistrada – aria garantisce il raffreddamento alle alte velocità. In ogni fase, la carcassa funge da accumulatore termico, assorbendo calore durante le sollecitazioni intense e rilasciandolo gradualmente nelle fasi di minor carico. Nonostante la complessità del fenomeno fisico e la ristretta disponibilità di dati, il modello sviluppato fornisce una base solida per la previsione delle temperature del sistema frenante e dello pneumatico, con la prospettiva di incrementarne la robustezza attraverso validazione su ulteriori circuiti e su scale temporali più ampie.
Modellazione ed analisi termo-fluidodinamica del sistema frenante e dello pneumatico di una vettura da competizione ad alte prestazioni
NUNZIATA, ANIELLOPIO
2024/2025
Abstract
This work, developed in collaboration with Dallara Automobili S.p.A., presents the development of a predictive model for estimating the temperature evolution of brake discs and tires for a high-performance vehicle, with particular reference to motorsport applications. The work was conducted in two phases: thermal analysis of the braking system alone, and subsequent integration of the tire. A lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) was adopted for the braking system, modeled using energy balance equations in MATLAB. The model parameters were optimized by comparing them with telemetric temperature data acquired on the track, obtaining temperature trends for the brake disc and caliper that were comparable to reality. The analysis highlighted the brake disc as the most critical element, with surfaces reaching the highest temperatures during braking, and the central area (Disc Bulk) dominating cooling via forced convection with external air. The thermal power transferred by conduction to the rim is negligible, highlighting thermal decoupling between the braking system and the tire. For the tire, two modeling strategies were developed: a lumped-parameter approach (LPTN), with the tire divided into tread and carcass, and a three-dimensional approach based on the Finite Volume Method (FVM). Due to the unavailability of slip parameters (slip angles and slip ratios) and the angular velocities of each wheel, it was necessary to analyze the vehicle dynamics using Magic Formulas (MF). The lumped-parameter model proved more effective, with low errors, reduced analysis times, and energy balances consistent with experimental reality, providing outputs of the temperature trends of the tread and carcass. Thermal analysis highlighted the friction power produced by tread-asphalt friction as the primary heat generation mechanism, while convection exchange between the tread and air ensures cooling at high speeds. At each stage, the carcass acts as a thermal accumulator, absorbing heat during intense stress and gradually releasing it during lower-load phases. Despite the complexity of the physical phenomenon and the limited data available, the developed model provides a solid basis for predicting braking system and tire temperatures, with the prospect of increasing its robustness through validation on additional circuits and over a longer time scale.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Nunziata.Aniellopio.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/4630