This thesis examines consumer vulnerability in the digital age, with specific reference to the adequacy of existing models of consumer protection and enforcement within digital markets. The research addresses the transformation of the consumer’s role resulting from the digitalisation of the economy. Within this framework, it explores how the emergence of new marketing techniques, the intensive use of data and the deployment of artificial intelligence systems have affected consumers’ freedom of choice and decision-making autonomy. The central research question concerns the extent to which current legal and enforcement tools are capable of ensuring effective protection for vulnerable consumers in digital markets, particularly in light of new forms of vulnerability that are no longer solely linked to individual characteristics, but rather stem from systemic and contextual factors. The underlying hypothesis is that traditional consumer protection models exhibit structural limitations in addressing these new forms of vulnerability, thereby requiring interpretative and practical adaptation. From a methodological perspective, the research adopts a qualitative legal approach. The analysis focuses on European and national consumer protection legislation, relevant legal scholarship, and a qualitative, case-based analysis of selected judicial decisions. Specifically, the study combines a theoretical examination of consumer law categories with an in-depth analysis of three significant rulings issued by the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Italian Council of State and the Regional Administrative Court of Lazio. These cases were selected in order to assess, in practical terms, the functioning of enforcement mechanisms and the evolving notion of consumer vulnerability in the digital context. The findings demonstrate that consumer vulnerability can no longer be understood exclusively in individual terms, but must also be interpreted as a contextual and structural phenomenon linked to digital choice architectures, interfaces and persuasive techniques. The analysis highlights that the current regulatory framework relies heavily on public enforcement and judicial interpretation to ensure effective consumer protection. The examined rulings confirm a gradual adaptation of traditional consumer law concepts, despite the absence of a clear and consolidated definition of digital vulnerability. In conclusion, the thesis shows that consumer protection in the digital age is the result of a dynamic and evolving process, which requires an integrated approach combining regulation, enforcement, technological innovation and digital education.
Il presente lavoro ha come oggetto l’analisi della vulnerabilità del consumatore nell’era digitale, con particolare riferimento all’adeguatezza dei modelli di tutela ed enforcement nel contesto dei mercati digitali. La tesi affronta il tema della trasformazione della figura del consumatore a seguito della digitalizzazione dell’economia. In tale prospettiva, ci si interroga su come l’emergere di nuove tecniche di marketing, l’utilizzo intensivo dei dati e l’impiego di sistemi di intelligenza artificiale abbiano inciso sulla libertà di scelta e sull’autonomia decisionale dei consumatori. In particolare, la domanda centrale di ricerca riguarda la capacità degli strumenti normativi e applicativi attualmente disponibili di garantire una protezione effettiva del consumatore vulnerabile nei mercati digitali, anche alla luce di nuove forme di vulnerabilità. Queste ultime non sono più riconducibili esclusivamente a caratteristiche individuali, ma sono riconducibili alla natura sistemica e contestuale. L’ipotesi di fondo è che i modelli tradizionali di tutela mostrino limiti strutturali nel fronteggiare tali nuove forme di vulnerabilità, rendendo necessario un adattamento interpretativo e applicativo. Sotto il profilo metodologico, la ricerca adotta un approccio giuridico qualitativo. L'analisi si focalizza sulla normativa europea e nazionale in materia di tutela del consumatore, sulla dottrina di riferimento e su un’analisi giurisprudenziale sperimentale. In particolare, il lavoro combina l’esame teorico delle categorie del diritto dei consumi con lo studio di tre pronunce significative della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione europea, del Consiglio di Stato e del TAR del Lazio, selezionate al fine di valutare in concreto il funzionamento degli strumenti di enforcement e l’evoluzione della nozione di vulnerabilità nel contesto digitale. I risultati della ricerca mostrano come la vulnerabilità del consumatore non possa più essere intesa esclusivamente in senso individuale, ma debba essere letta anche come fenomeno contestuale e strutturale, legato alle architetture di scelta digitali, alle interfacce e alle tecniche di persuasione. L’analisi evidenzia che il quadro normativo vigente richiede un ruolo centrale dell’enforcement pubblico e dell’interpretazione giurisprudenziale per garantire l’effettività della tutela. Le pronunce esaminate confermano un progressivo adattamento delle categorie tradizionali del diritto dei consumi, pur in assenza di una nozione univoca e consolidata di vulnerabilità digitale. In conclusione, la tesi evidenzia come la tutela del consumatore nell’era digitale sia il risultato di un processo dinamico e in continua evoluzione, che richiede un approccio integrato capace di combinare regolazione, enforcement, innovazione tecnologica ed educazione digitale.
La vulnerabilità del consumatore nell’era digitale: modelli di tutela ed enforcement
PETERLINI, GRETA
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis examines consumer vulnerability in the digital age, with specific reference to the adequacy of existing models of consumer protection and enforcement within digital markets. The research addresses the transformation of the consumer’s role resulting from the digitalisation of the economy. Within this framework, it explores how the emergence of new marketing techniques, the intensive use of data and the deployment of artificial intelligence systems have affected consumers’ freedom of choice and decision-making autonomy. The central research question concerns the extent to which current legal and enforcement tools are capable of ensuring effective protection for vulnerable consumers in digital markets, particularly in light of new forms of vulnerability that are no longer solely linked to individual characteristics, but rather stem from systemic and contextual factors. The underlying hypothesis is that traditional consumer protection models exhibit structural limitations in addressing these new forms of vulnerability, thereby requiring interpretative and practical adaptation. From a methodological perspective, the research adopts a qualitative legal approach. The analysis focuses on European and national consumer protection legislation, relevant legal scholarship, and a qualitative, case-based analysis of selected judicial decisions. Specifically, the study combines a theoretical examination of consumer law categories with an in-depth analysis of three significant rulings issued by the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Italian Council of State and the Regional Administrative Court of Lazio. These cases were selected in order to assess, in practical terms, the functioning of enforcement mechanisms and the evolving notion of consumer vulnerability in the digital context. The findings demonstrate that consumer vulnerability can no longer be understood exclusively in individual terms, but must also be interpreted as a contextual and structural phenomenon linked to digital choice architectures, interfaces and persuasive techniques. The analysis highlights that the current regulatory framework relies heavily on public enforcement and judicial interpretation to ensure effective consumer protection. The examined rulings confirm a gradual adaptation of traditional consumer law concepts, despite the absence of a clear and consolidated definition of digital vulnerability. In conclusion, the thesis shows that consumer protection in the digital age is the result of a dynamic and evolving process, which requires an integrated approach combining regulation, enforcement, technological innovation and digital education.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/4993