The pressing need to decarbonize the transportation sector has accelerated the development of propulsion systems based on alternative, carbon-free fuels, such as hydrogen. Although hydrogen internal combustion engines eliminate direct exhaust CO2 emissions, they present certain operational criticalities: the high reactivity of the fuel, along with high flame temperatures, promotes the occurrence of abnormal combustion and a massive production of nitrogen oxides (NOx). To address these challenges, the conventional approach involves the use of ultra-lean air-fuel mixtures; however, this solution leads to an unavoidable decrease of engine performance. In this context, one of the most effective alternative strategies to mitigate these issues without incurring performance penalties is direct water injection into the combustion chamber. Exploiting its high heat capacity and latent heat of vaporization, water absorbs heat, reducing in-cylinder temperatures and allowing the engine to operate under conditions that would otherwise be prohibitive due to the onset of knock. Therefore, this thesis work aims to analyze the potential of high-pressure direct water injection within a hydrogen-fueled spark-ignition engine, derived from the conversion of a small Diesel unit. The study was conducted using computational fluid dynamics simulations, a tool that allowed the investigation of complex phenomena while reducing the costs and time associated with experimental prototyping. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to evaluate the influence of two key parameters of the injection strategy: the injected water mass and the injection timing (Start of Injection). The computational models, previously validated against experimental data, made it possible to quantify the impact of these parameters on pollutant emissions, thereby identifying the optimal strategy to maximize NOx reduction while maintaining unchanged performance.
La stringente necessità di decarbonizzare il settore dei trasporti ha accelerato lo sviluppo di sistemi di propulsione basati su combustibili alternativi e privi di carbonio, come l'idrogeno. Sebbene i motori a combustione interna alimentati ad idrogeno azzerino le emissioni dirette di CO2 allo scarico, essi presentano alcune criticità operative: l'elevata reattività del combustibile nonché le alte temperature di fiamma favoriscono l'insorgere di combustioni anomale e una massiccia produzione di ossidi di azoto (NOx). Per far fronte a tali sfide, l'approccio convenzionale prevede l'utilizzo di miscele aria-combustibile magre; tuttavia, questa soluzione comporta un inevitabile calo delle prestazioni complessive del motore. In quest'ottica, una delle strategie alternative più efficaci per mitigare queste problematiche senza incorrere in penalità prestazionali è l'iniezione d'acqua in camera di combustione (Water Injection). Sfruttando l’elevata capacità termica ed il calore latente di vaporizzazione, l'acqua assorbe calore riducendo le temperature in camera, permettendo al motore di operare in condizioni altrimenti proibitive a causa dell’insorgere del knock. Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone dunque di analizzare le potenzialità dell'iniezione diretta d'acqua ad alta pressione all'interno di un motore ad accensione comandata alimentato a idrogeno, derivato dalla conversione di un'unità Diesel di piccola cilindrata. Lo studio è stato condotto mediante simulazioni CFD-3D, strumento che ha permesso di investigare fenomeni complessi riducendo i costi e i tempi rispetto alla prototipazione sperimentale. Nello specifico, sono state condotte analisi di sensibilità per valutare l'influenza di due parametri chiave della strategia di iniezione: la massa d'acqua introdotta e la fasatura dell’iniezione (Start of Injection). I modelli computazionali, precedentemente validati sulla base di dati sperimentali, hanno permesso di quantificare l'impatto di tali parametri sulle emissioni inquinanti, identificando così la strategia ottimale per massimizzare l'abbattimento degli NOx mantenendo invariate le prestazioni.
Analisi Numerica sull’Efficacia dell’Iniezione Diretta di Acqua per l’Abbattimento degli NOₓ in Motori a Idrogeno
GILIOLI, FILIPPO
2024/2025
Abstract
The pressing need to decarbonize the transportation sector has accelerated the development of propulsion systems based on alternative, carbon-free fuels, such as hydrogen. Although hydrogen internal combustion engines eliminate direct exhaust CO2 emissions, they present certain operational criticalities: the high reactivity of the fuel, along with high flame temperatures, promotes the occurrence of abnormal combustion and a massive production of nitrogen oxides (NOx). To address these challenges, the conventional approach involves the use of ultra-lean air-fuel mixtures; however, this solution leads to an unavoidable decrease of engine performance. In this context, one of the most effective alternative strategies to mitigate these issues without incurring performance penalties is direct water injection into the combustion chamber. Exploiting its high heat capacity and latent heat of vaporization, water absorbs heat, reducing in-cylinder temperatures and allowing the engine to operate under conditions that would otherwise be prohibitive due to the onset of knock. Therefore, this thesis work aims to analyze the potential of high-pressure direct water injection within a hydrogen-fueled spark-ignition engine, derived from the conversion of a small Diesel unit. The study was conducted using computational fluid dynamics simulations, a tool that allowed the investigation of complex phenomena while reducing the costs and time associated with experimental prototyping. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to evaluate the influence of two key parameters of the injection strategy: the injected water mass and the injection timing (Start of Injection). The computational models, previously validated against experimental data, made it possible to quantify the impact of these parameters on pollutant emissions, thereby identifying the optimal strategy to maximize NOx reduction while maintaining unchanged performance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Gilioli.Filippo.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
8.07 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
8.07 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/5648