Skin hyperpigmentation disorders including vitiligo, melasma, sunspots, post-inflammatory and drug-related hyperpigmentation represent conditions that significantly impact both patients’ quality of life individuals and healthcare systems. Butylresorcinol is widely used in medical and cosmetic applications as an anti-hyperpigmentation agent due to its ability to inhibit tyrosinase, the key enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis. Melanin is the natural pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, eyes, and plays a protective role against UV-radiation. By inhibiting tyrosinase, butylresorcinol reduces melanin production and limits its accumulation in the skin. Despite its efficacy, butylresorcinol exhibits significant environmental concerns because of its high ecotoxicity and low biodegradability. Its persistence in aquatic environments may lead to bioaccumulation and adverse effects on aquatic flora and fauna. The aim of this work was to optimize the butylresorcinol scaffold to improve its environmental profile while preserving its biological activity, in accordance with the twelfth principle of green chemistry, Benign by Design. This principle promotes the design of chemical compounds with reduced toxicity and enhanced biodegradability without compromising their effectiveness. It is well established minor structural modifications can significantly influence biological activity or physicochemical properties, such as solubility, polarity, and biodegradability. In particular, biodegradability can often be improved by modifying structural elements that are not directly involved in the pharmacophore. Initially, in silico studies were performed to predict the biodegradability and ecotoxicity of the designed derivatives. Subsequently, synthetic strategies were explored. A first approach involved the synthesis of butylresorcinol derivatives via Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, which was carried out in two steps: the synthesis of the protected intermediate followed by deprotection. The aim was to introduce an alkyl ester side chain into the resorcinol core, to modulate biodegradability and ecotoxicological profile. However, the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction proved unsuccessful during the scale-up due to several critical variables, including palladium catalyst oxidation and the requirement for an anhydrous condition. Owing to instability and poor reproducibility, this synthetic pathway was discontinued. As an alternative strategy, reductive amination was performed on both aliphatic and aromatic derivatives using different reductive agents. The reaction was carried in two steps: imine formation followed by the reduction. NMR analysis revealed that aliphatic derivatives were unstable and prone, to degradation of the aliphatic chain, even when milder reducing agents were employed. Consequently, the work focused to the aromatic derivatives. Various reducing agents were screened to identify the optimal reaction conditions in terms of yields and purity leading to the synthesis of a small library of aromantic compounds via reductive amination. Future work will involve the biological evaluation of the optimized butylresorcinol derivatives to assess their tyrosinase inhibitory activity and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed “Benign by Design” strategy.
I disturbi da iperpigmentazione cutanea, tra cui vitiligine, melasma, lentigo solari, iperpigmentazione post-infiammatoria e indotta da farmaci, rappresentano condizioni che possono avere un impatto significativo sulla qualità della vita dei pazienti e sui sistemi sanitari. Il butilresorcinolo è ampiamente impiegato in ambito medico e cosmetico come agente anti-iperpigmentante grazie alla sua capacità di inibire la tirosinasi, enzima chiave nel processo di biosintesi della melanina. La melanina è il pigmento naturale responsabile della colorazione di pelle, capelli e occhi e svolge un ruolo protettivo nei confronti delle radiazioni UV. Attraverso l’inibizione della tirosinasi, il butilresorcinolo riduce la produzione di melanina e ne limita l’accumulo a livello cutaneo. Nonostante la sua efficacia, il butilresorcinolo presenta criticità ambientali legate alla sua elevata ecotossicità e alla scarsa biodegradabilità. La sua persistenza negli ambienti acquatici può favorire fenomeni di bioaccumulo, con potenziali effetti dannosi sulla flora e sulla fauna acquatica. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro è stato quello di ottimizzare lo scaffold del butilresorcinolo al fine di migliorarne il profilo ambientale mantenendone inalterata l’attività biologica, in accordo con il dodicesimo principio della chimica verde, “Benign by Design”. Tale principio promuove la progettazione di composti chimici caratterizzati da ridotta tossicità e maggiore biodegradabilità, senza comprometterne l’efficacia. È noto, infatti, che anche piccole modifiche strutturali possono influenzare in modo significativo l’attività biologica e le proprietà fisico-chimiche, quali solubilità, polarità e biodegradabilità. In particolare, la biodegradabilità può essere migliorata intervenendo su porzioni della molecola che non appartengono al farmacoforo. In una prima fase, sono stati condotti studi in silico per predire il profilo di biodegradabilità ed ecotossicità dei derivati progettati. Successivamente, sono state esplorate diverse strategie sintetiche. Un primo approccio ha previsto la sintesi di derivati del butilresorcinolo mediante reazione di accoppiamento Suzuki–Miyaura, articolata in due fasi: sintesi dell’intermedio protetto e successiva deprotezione. L’obiettivo era introdurre una catena laterale esterea alchilica nel nucleo resorcinolico per modulare la biodegradabilità e il profilo ecotossicologico. Tuttavia, la reazione di Suzuki–Miyaura si è rivelata problematica in fase di scale-up a causa di variabili critiche, tra cui l’ossidazione del catalizzatore al palladio e la necessità di condizioni rigorosamente anidre. A causa dell’instabilità e della scarsa riproducibilità delle condizioni di reazione, questa via sintetica non è stata ulteriormente approfondita. Come strategia alternativa, è stata impiegata la reazione di amminazione riduttiva su derivati sia alifatici sia aromatici, utilizzando diversi agenti riducenti. La procedura è stata condotta in due stadi: formazione dell’immina seguita dalla riduzione. L’analisi NMR ha evidenziato l’instabilità dei derivati alifatici, con degradazione della catena alifatica anche in presenza di agenti riducenti più blandi. Di conseguenza, l’attenzione è stata rivolta ai derivati aromatici. Sono stati valutati differenti agenti riducenti al fine di individuare le condizioni ottimali in termini di resa e purezza, portando alla sintesi di una piccola libreria di composti aromatici ottenuti mediante amminazione riduttiva. Le prospettive future prevedono la valutazione biologica dei derivati ottimizzati del butilresorcinolo, al fine di verificarne l’attività inibitoria nei confronti della tirosinasi e confermare la validità dell’approccio “Benign by Design”.
Sustainable anti-depigmentation agents: design and synthesis of butylresorcinol derivatives through reductive amination and Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling
KHAWATMI, LANA
2024/2025
Abstract
Skin hyperpigmentation disorders including vitiligo, melasma, sunspots, post-inflammatory and drug-related hyperpigmentation represent conditions that significantly impact both patients’ quality of life individuals and healthcare systems. Butylresorcinol is widely used in medical and cosmetic applications as an anti-hyperpigmentation agent due to its ability to inhibit tyrosinase, the key enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis. Melanin is the natural pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, eyes, and plays a protective role against UV-radiation. By inhibiting tyrosinase, butylresorcinol reduces melanin production and limits its accumulation in the skin. Despite its efficacy, butylresorcinol exhibits significant environmental concerns because of its high ecotoxicity and low biodegradability. Its persistence in aquatic environments may lead to bioaccumulation and adverse effects on aquatic flora and fauna. The aim of this work was to optimize the butylresorcinol scaffold to improve its environmental profile while preserving its biological activity, in accordance with the twelfth principle of green chemistry, Benign by Design. This principle promotes the design of chemical compounds with reduced toxicity and enhanced biodegradability without compromising their effectiveness. It is well established minor structural modifications can significantly influence biological activity or physicochemical properties, such as solubility, polarity, and biodegradability. In particular, biodegradability can often be improved by modifying structural elements that are not directly involved in the pharmacophore. Initially, in silico studies were performed to predict the biodegradability and ecotoxicity of the designed derivatives. Subsequently, synthetic strategies were explored. A first approach involved the synthesis of butylresorcinol derivatives via Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, which was carried out in two steps: the synthesis of the protected intermediate followed by deprotection. The aim was to introduce an alkyl ester side chain into the resorcinol core, to modulate biodegradability and ecotoxicological profile. However, the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction proved unsuccessful during the scale-up due to several critical variables, including palladium catalyst oxidation and the requirement for an anhydrous condition. Owing to instability and poor reproducibility, this synthetic pathway was discontinued. As an alternative strategy, reductive amination was performed on both aliphatic and aromatic derivatives using different reductive agents. The reaction was carried in two steps: imine formation followed by the reduction. NMR analysis revealed that aliphatic derivatives were unstable and prone, to degradation of the aliphatic chain, even when milder reducing agents were employed. Consequently, the work focused to the aromatic derivatives. Various reducing agents were screened to identify the optimal reaction conditions in terms of yields and purity leading to the synthesis of a small library of aromantic compounds via reductive amination. Future work will involve the biological evaluation of the optimized butylresorcinol derivatives to assess their tyrosinase inhibitory activity and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed “Benign by Design” strategy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/5991