Background The κFLC index (kappa free light chains index) is calculated by the ratio of the quotient of cerebrospinal and serum κFLCs to the quotient of cerebrospinal and serum albumin. The 2024 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) introduced the κFLC index as an alternative immunoglobulin (Ig) intrathecal synthesis (IS) biomarker to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG oligoclonal bands (IgG-OCBs), based on the high concordance between the two parameters for κFLC index values >6.1. However, κFLC index values between 3 and 6.1 define a “grey zone”, whose clinical significance and interpretation require further investigation. This issue is particularly relevant in patients lacking CSF IgG-OCBs cerebrospinal fluid (IgG-OCBs), since increased κFLC index values may be associated with IS of IG classes other than IgG. Objectives The main aim of the study was to determine the distribution of MS, non-MS neuroinflammatory diseases (INFLAM), central nervous system (CNS) infections (INFECT), and non-inflammatory neurological disorders of CNS (NIND) or inflammatory disease of peripheral nervous system (PIND) among patients with κFLC values between 3 and 6.1 and absence of CSF IgG-OCBs. Secondly, to assess the presence of immunoglobulin M and A (IgM and IgA) IS across the different diagnostic categories. Methods Consecutive patients with available CSF IgG-OCBs and κFLC index data were screened, and those with κFLC index values between 3 and 6.1 were included. Diagnostic information was collected for each patient. In cases with available biological samples, IgM and IgA concentrations in CSF and serum were measured by immunoturbidimetry (The Binding Site) to assess IS. Results Of 3,621 consecutive patients, 184 had a κFLC index value between 3 and 6.1 and absence of CSF IgG-OCBs. Among them, 101 had availability of final diagnosis, and CSF and serum samples suitable for immunoturbidimetric analysis. 62% of patients were affected by CNS neuroinflammatory and/or infectious diseases (INFLAM 31/101, INFECT 20/101, MS 11/101). IgM or IgA IS was detected in 16/20 (80%) INFECT patients, 9/31 (29%) INFLAM patients, and only 1/11 (9%) MS patients. Conclusions Among patients with absence of CSF IgG-OCBs and a κFLC index within the “grey zone”, the 50% of diagnoses consisted of INFLAM or INFECT, whereas MS was a relatively uncommon one (11%). IgM or IgA IS was dominant in the INFECT group, likely contributing to the κFLC index increase.
Background Il κFLC index (kappa free light chains index) deriva dal rapporto tra il quoziente delle κFLC liquorali e sieriche e il quoziente dell’albumina liquorale e sierica. Nel 2024 è stato introdotto tra i criteri diagnostici di sclerosi multipla (SM) come biomarcatore di sintesi intratecale (SI) di immunoglobuline (Ig) come alternativa al rilevamento di bande oligoclonali liquorali di immunoglobuline G (IgG-BOC). Ciò è avvenuto alla luce dell’elevata concordanza tra i due parametri per valori di κFLC index maggiori di 6.1. Tuttavia, per valori compresi tra 3 e 6.1 si configura una “zona grigia”, la cui caratterizzazione e interpretazione clinica necessitano di ulteriori approfondimenti. Tale esigenza è amplificata nei casi ove tale riscontro si associa ad assenza di IgG-BOC, poiché l’incremento dei valori di κFLC index può essere dovuto anche a SI di immunoglobuline M e A (IgM e IgA) Obiettivi L’obiettivo principale dello studio è, tra pazienti con valori di κFLC index compresi tra 3 e 6.1 e assenza di IgG-BOC liquorali, determinare la distribuzione delle diagnosi, classificate come: SM, patologie neuroinfiammatorie diverse da SM (INFLAM), infezioni (INFECT) del sistema nervoso centrale (SNC), e patologie non infiammatorie del SNC (NIND) o patologia infiammatoria del sistema nervoso periferico (PIND). In secondo luogo, valutare la presenza di SI di IgM e IgA all’interno di ogni categoria diagnostica. Metodi Tra i pazienti consecutivi con dati disponibili relativi ad assenza di IgG-BOC liquorali e κFLC index sono stati selezionati quelli con valori di indice κFLC index compresi tra 3 e 6.1. Per ciascun paziente sono state raccolte le informazioni diagnostiche disponibili. Inoltre, ove disponibili i campioni biologici, le concentrazioni di IgM e IgA nel liquido cerebrospinale (LCR) e nel siero sono state misurate mediante immunoturbidimetria (The Binding Site) al fine di valutarne la SI di IgM e IgA. Risultati Su 3.621 pazienti consecutivi, 184 pazienti presentavano κFLC index compreso tra 3 e 6.1 in assenza di IgG-BOC liquorali; di questi 101 avevano disponibilità di diagnosi finale e campioni appaiati di LCR e siero. Il 62% dei pazienti presentavano patologie infiammatorie e/o infettive del SNC (INFLAM 31/101, INFECT 20/101, SM 11/101). La SI di IgM o IgA è stata riscontrata in 16/20 (80%) pazienti con INFECT, 9/31 (29%) pazienti con INFLAM e 1/11 (9%) pazienti con SM. Conclusioni Nei pazienti con κFLC index nella “zona grigia” e negativi per IgG-BOC liquorali il 50% delle diagnosi era composto da INFLAM o INFECT, mentre la SM rappresentava una diagnosi relativamente poco frequente (11%). La SI di IgM o IgA era preponderante nelle INFECT, contribuendo verosimilmente all’incremento di κFLC index.
IL SIGNIFICATO CLINICO E LABORATORISTICO DEL κFLC INDEX NELLA ZONA GRIGIA: RUOLO DELLA SINTESI INTRATECALE DI IgM e IgA
FANTUZZI, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background The κFLC index (kappa free light chains index) is calculated by the ratio of the quotient of cerebrospinal and serum κFLCs to the quotient of cerebrospinal and serum albumin. The 2024 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) introduced the κFLC index as an alternative immunoglobulin (Ig) intrathecal synthesis (IS) biomarker to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG oligoclonal bands (IgG-OCBs), based on the high concordance between the two parameters for κFLC index values >6.1. However, κFLC index values between 3 and 6.1 define a “grey zone”, whose clinical significance and interpretation require further investigation. This issue is particularly relevant in patients lacking CSF IgG-OCBs cerebrospinal fluid (IgG-OCBs), since increased κFLC index values may be associated with IS of IG classes other than IgG. Objectives The main aim of the study was to determine the distribution of MS, non-MS neuroinflammatory diseases (INFLAM), central nervous system (CNS) infections (INFECT), and non-inflammatory neurological disorders of CNS (NIND) or inflammatory disease of peripheral nervous system (PIND) among patients with κFLC values between 3 and 6.1 and absence of CSF IgG-OCBs. Secondly, to assess the presence of immunoglobulin M and A (IgM and IgA) IS across the different diagnostic categories. Methods Consecutive patients with available CSF IgG-OCBs and κFLC index data were screened, and those with κFLC index values between 3 and 6.1 were included. Diagnostic information was collected for each patient. In cases with available biological samples, IgM and IgA concentrations in CSF and serum were measured by immunoturbidimetry (The Binding Site) to assess IS. Results Of 3,621 consecutive patients, 184 had a κFLC index value between 3 and 6.1 and absence of CSF IgG-OCBs. Among them, 101 had availability of final diagnosis, and CSF and serum samples suitable for immunoturbidimetric analysis. 62% of patients were affected by CNS neuroinflammatory and/or infectious diseases (INFLAM 31/101, INFECT 20/101, MS 11/101). IgM or IgA IS was detected in 16/20 (80%) INFECT patients, 9/31 (29%) INFLAM patients, and only 1/11 (9%) MS patients. Conclusions Among patients with absence of CSF IgG-OCBs and a κFLC index within the “grey zone”, the 50% of diagnoses consisted of INFLAM or INFECT, whereas MS was a relatively uncommon one (11%). IgM or IgA IS was dominant in the INFECT group, likely contributing to the κFLC index increase.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi di Laurea di Giulia Fantuzzi.pdf
embargo fino al 08/07/2029
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/6741