The spread of fake news represents one of the main challenges of today’s information ecosystem, which is characterized by the speed at which content is produced, shared, and amplified through the Internet and social media. This thesis examines the phenomenon of disinformation, focusing in particular on the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the public health emergency was accompanied by a genuine infodemic, characterized by an overabundance of information that was not always accurate or verifiable. The thesis begins by providing a theoretical and historical overview of fake news, exploring its evolution, the different ways in which the phenomenon has been conceptualized, and its relationship with political motivations. The analysis then focuses on the COVID-19 pandemic, examining some of the main false claims and conspiracy theories that circulated during the emergency, with particular attention to the Italian context. A central part of the thesis is devoted to the factors that may influence belief in misinformation. Through an analysis of the scientific literature, it examines the main cognitive mechanisms and heuristics involved, as well as the role of emotions, individual characteristics, and social and identity-related factors. The issue of resistance to correction is also addressed, highlighting how false information can continue to influence judgments and behaviors even after it has been debunked. The analysis further considers institutional and scientific communication during the pandemic, focusing on the challenges associated with communicating risk and scientific uncertainty, the crisis of trust in health and scientific institutions, and the role played by traditional media. The experience of COVID-19 demonstrates that, during an emergency, clear, timely, transparent, and consistent communication is essential not only to keep the public informed, but also to foster trust and encourage adherence to the guidance provided by public authorities. Finally, the thesis examines the main strategies for countering disinformation, distinguishing between reactive interventions, such as fact-checking and debunking, and preventive approaches, with particular reference to psychological inoculation theory. The overall aim is to highlight the multidimensional nature of disinformation and the need for an integrated approach involving citizens, institutions, the scientific community, the media, and digital platforms in order to strengthen the ability to recognize unreliable content and improve the effectiveness of communication in future crisis situations.
La diffusione delle fake news rappresenta una delle principali sfide dell'attuale ecosistema informativo, caratterizzato dalla rapidità con cui i contenuti vengono prodotti, condivisi e amplificati attraverso Internet e i social media. Il presente elaborato analizza il fenomeno della disinformazione, concentrandosi in particolare sulla pandemia di COVID-19, durante la quale all'emergenza sanitaria si è affiancata una e propria infodemia, caratterizzata da una sovrabbondanza di informazioni, non sempre accurate o verificabili. Il lavoro propone inizialmente un inquadramento teorico e storico del fenomeno della fake news, approfondendone l'evoluzione, le differenti modalità di concettualizzazione e il rapporto con le motivazioni politiche. Successivamente, l'analisi si concentra sulla pandemia di COVID-19, esaminando alcune delle principali false informazioni e teorie del complotto diffuse durante l'emergenza e dedicando particolare attenzione al contesto italiano. Una parte centrale dell'elaborato è dedicata ai fattori che possono influenzare la credenza nella disinformazione. Attraverso l'analisi della letteratura scientifica vengono approfonditi i principali meccanismi cognitivi ed euristici, il ruolo delle emozioni, le caratteristiche individuali e i fattori sociali e identitari. Viene inoltre affrontato il problema della resistenza alla correzione, evidenziando come le informazioni false possano continuare a influenzare giudizi e comportamenti anche successivamente alla loro smentita. L'analisi si concentra inoltre sulla comunicazione istituzionale e scientifica durante la pandemia, approfondendole difficoltà legate alla comunicazione del rischio e dell'incertezza scientifica, la crisi di fiducia nei confronti delle istituzioni sanitarie e scientifiche e il ruolo svolto dai media tradizionali. L'esperienza del COVID-19 evidenzia infatti come, durante un'emergenza, una comunicazione chiara, tempestiva, trasparente e coerente costituisca un elemento fondamentale non soltanto per informare la popolazione, ma anche per favorire la fiducia e l'adesione alle indicazioni delle autorità. Infine, l'elaborato prende in esame le principali strategie di contrasto alla disinformazione, distinguendo tra interventi reattivi, come il fact-checking e il debunking, e interventi preventivi, con particolare riferimento alla teoria dell'inoculazione psicologica. L'obiettivo complessivo è evidenziare la natura multidimensionale della disinformazione e la necessità di un approccio integrato che coinvolga cittadini, istituzioni, comunità scientifica, mezzi di informazione e piattaforme digitali, al fine di rafforzare la capacità di riconoscere i contenuti inaffidabili e migliorare l'efficacia della comunicazione nelle future situazioni di crisi.
Il COVID-19 e la pandemia della disinformazione: determinanti della credenza nelle fake news, comunicazione istituzionale e strategie di contrasto
VINCENZI, SILVIA
2025/2026
Abstract
The spread of fake news represents one of the main challenges of today’s information ecosystem, which is characterized by the speed at which content is produced, shared, and amplified through the Internet and social media. This thesis examines the phenomenon of disinformation, focusing in particular on the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the public health emergency was accompanied by a genuine infodemic, characterized by an overabundance of information that was not always accurate or verifiable. The thesis begins by providing a theoretical and historical overview of fake news, exploring its evolution, the different ways in which the phenomenon has been conceptualized, and its relationship with political motivations. The analysis then focuses on the COVID-19 pandemic, examining some of the main false claims and conspiracy theories that circulated during the emergency, with particular attention to the Italian context. A central part of the thesis is devoted to the factors that may influence belief in misinformation. Through an analysis of the scientific literature, it examines the main cognitive mechanisms and heuristics involved, as well as the role of emotions, individual characteristics, and social and identity-related factors. The issue of resistance to correction is also addressed, highlighting how false information can continue to influence judgments and behaviors even after it has been debunked. The analysis further considers institutional and scientific communication during the pandemic, focusing on the challenges associated with communicating risk and scientific uncertainty, the crisis of trust in health and scientific institutions, and the role played by traditional media. The experience of COVID-19 demonstrates that, during an emergency, clear, timely, transparent, and consistent communication is essential not only to keep the public informed, but also to foster trust and encourage adherence to the guidance provided by public authorities. Finally, the thesis examines the main strategies for countering disinformation, distinguishing between reactive interventions, such as fact-checking and debunking, and preventive approaches, with particular reference to psychological inoculation theory. The overall aim is to highlight the multidimensional nature of disinformation and the need for an integrated approach involving citizens, institutions, the scientific community, the media, and digital platforms in order to strengthen the ability to recognize unreliable content and improve the effectiveness of communication in future crisis situations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/8304