This thesis investigates the effectiveness of cash transfers/income support in reducing poverty in Italy during the temporal window from 2020 to 2022. In a welfare context such as the Italian one—where pension expenditures represent a predominant share—the central question asked here concerns the extent to which welfare instruments contribute to poverty reduction. The first part of the thesis focuses on defining the main theoretical concepts related to income, poverty, and inequality. It explores various methods of income measurement, the leading/authoritative/prominent definitions of poverty (absolute, relative, and subjective), and alternative consumption-based approaches. Particular attention is devoted to the use of equivalence scales, which allow for comparisons across households of different compositions by accounting for economies of scale; this section it’s also concerned with standard indicators used to measure poverty and inequality (i.e. the headcount ratio, income gap, Gini index, Atkinson index, and generalized entropy measures). The second part presents an empirical analysis based on microdata from the Banca d’Italia’s Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) for the temporal window from 2000–2022. The analysis compares the distribution of equivalized income before and after cash transfers/income support to estimate their redistributive effectiveness. The methodological approach includes deflating monetary values, standardizing income, and disaggregating results by sociodemographic and territorial subgroups. A probit estimate is included to better understand the features of the households most affected by the benefits. The findings reveal a moderate yet increasing effectiveness of cash transfers/income support in reducing relative poverty, with heterogeneous impacts depending on geographic area and household characteristics. The final section offers interpretative insights of results obtained and policy recommendations.
Il presente elaborato analizza l’efficacia dei trasferimenti monetari nella lotta alla povertà in Italia, nel periodo che ricopre la fascia temporale che va dal 2020 al 2022. In un contesto assistenziale come quello italiano, in cui le spese pensionistiche hanno una presenza prevalente, la domanda che ci si pone riguarda il modo in cui gli strumenti di natura assistenziale non previdenziale, impattino sulla riduzione della povertà. In una prima parte della tesi, ci si concentra sulle definizioni dei principali concetti teorici relativi al reddito, alla povertà e alla disuguaglianza. Vengono dunque analizzate le diverse modalità di misurazione del reddito, le principali definizioni di povertà (assoluta, relativa, soggettiva) e gli approcci alternativi basati sul consumo. Particolare attenzione è riservata all’utilizzo delle scale di equivalenza, le quali permettono di confrontare famiglie di diversa composizione tenendo conto delle economie di scala; inoltre, seguono gli indicatori standard per la misurazione della povertà e della disuguaglianza (tra cui l’headcount ratio, l’income gap, l’indice di Gini, Atkinson e gli indici di entropia generalizzata). La seconda parte, presenta un’analisi empirica basata sui microdati della Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) della Banca d’Italia, per il periodo 2000–2022. L’analisi confronta la distribuzione del reddito equivalente prima e dopo i trasferimenti monetari, al fine di stimarne l’efficacia redistributiva. L’approccio metodologico include la deflazione dei valori monetari, la standardizzazione del reddito e la scomposizione per sottogruppi sociodemografici e territoriali. Una stima probit è inclusa per analizzare la distribuzione dei trasferimenti, al fine di individuare le caratteristiche dei nuclei maggiormente interessati dai benefici. I risultati mostrano una moderata, ma crescente efficacia dei trasferimenti monetari nella riduzione della povertà relativa, con effetti differenziati a seconda dell’area geografica e delle caratteristiche dei nuclei familiari. Nell’ultima parte si affrontano osservazioni interpretative dei risultati ottenuti e indicazioni di policy.
L’efficacia redistributiva dei trasferimenti monetari in Italia (2000–2022)
MUNI, LORENZO
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis investigates the effectiveness of cash transfers/income support in reducing poverty in Italy during the temporal window from 2020 to 2022. In a welfare context such as the Italian one—where pension expenditures represent a predominant share—the central question asked here concerns the extent to which welfare instruments contribute to poverty reduction. The first part of the thesis focuses on defining the main theoretical concepts related to income, poverty, and inequality. It explores various methods of income measurement, the leading/authoritative/prominent definitions of poverty (absolute, relative, and subjective), and alternative consumption-based approaches. Particular attention is devoted to the use of equivalence scales, which allow for comparisons across households of different compositions by accounting for economies of scale; this section it’s also concerned with standard indicators used to measure poverty and inequality (i.e. the headcount ratio, income gap, Gini index, Atkinson index, and generalized entropy measures). The second part presents an empirical analysis based on microdata from the Banca d’Italia’s Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) for the temporal window from 2000–2022. The analysis compares the distribution of equivalized income before and after cash transfers/income support to estimate their redistributive effectiveness. The methodological approach includes deflating monetary values, standardizing income, and disaggregating results by sociodemographic and territorial subgroups. A probit estimate is included to better understand the features of the households most affected by the benefits. The findings reveal a moderate yet increasing effectiveness of cash transfers/income support in reducing relative poverty, with heterogeneous impacts depending on geographic area and household characteristics. The final section offers interpretative insights of results obtained and policy recommendations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14251/4410